Meteo 2

ice pellets => warns a large of supercooled rain drops directly above

condensation

stratiform clouds with little or no turbulence

vgl, Bild

vgl. Bild

is a small, intensive low-pressure system that develops over open seas during the cold season in polar => an outbreak of cold arctic air => moves from ice covered regions to warmer open ocean waters

is used by upper level convergence and the resulting subsidence warms its core => may block low pressure systems for many days => fine weather

sommer:  clear sky, fine weather cumulus, haze, calm winds

Winter: fog, low stratus, calm winds 

Due to the large-scale surface cooling resulting from radiation

is initiated by upper leveled convergence

result from cooling effect of the ground

result from a strong heating of the ground ==> èber grossen Flächen im Sommer, wo heiss werden

is initiated by upper level divergence

the cold front

ranger over the centerline you can see the runway surface markings or the lights =>= only reported when visibility is less than 1500 m

Smoke from fires

VA volcanic ash

party flog

in feet ==> Vertical Visibility has to be reported in the case of obscured sky where a cloud base is not visible

1. mechanical Turbulence: => low level tubulence => z.b. Haus, erdoberfläche

2. Convective Turbulence Warme Luft wo aufsteigt => depends onatmospheric instability 

3, Turbulence in and near CB

4. Orographic Turbulence: Interaction between an atmospheric flow and hills, mountains and other terrain or sun's unequak heating of slops

5. Frontal Turbulence: Weather fronts with different temperature collide

6. CAT: outside the boundry layer => wind shear at higher levels  

7. Turbulence at Inversions: Because its very stable stratification, an inversion may seperate a calm atmopshere above from the inversion zone from a lower level which significant mechanical turbulence occurs 

Vertical gusts alter the AOA and the change of lift results in a sudden gain or loss of height

affects: cruise, climb and descent

affects only climb and descent

Wind shear below 1600 ft along the final path of approach or along take off and initial climb path

1. Air Mass Thunderstorms ==> thermal convection in a moist air mass that is efficiently heated from the ground

2. Frontal Thunderstorms: teh armer air mass is forced to rise over teh colder air mass

3. Orographic Thunderstorms: Mountains are ideal terrain for the formation of thunderstorms 

consists of a group of cells that moves along as a single unit, where each cell is in a different phase of the life cycle

a single, huge, long-lasting, powerful thunderstorm cell which is highly organized and characterized by strong rotation

2-10 km

only a couple of minutes up to 15 min ==> available weather information may not ne up to date ==> visible signs: precipitation shaft; roll cloud / dust whirled up by the gust front

Dry microburst: a higher cloud base and evaporating precipitation and virgo is a visible sign of microburst => Wet microburst= low cloud base

bild

Bild

convergence line

squall line Böen

through line Trog