Lab 9 - Appendicular skeleton
Appendicular skeleton
Appendicular skeleton
Set of flashcards Details
| Flashcards | 76 |
|---|---|
| Language | English |
| Category | Biology |
| Level | University |
| Created / Updated | 16.02.2015 / 19.02.2015 |
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Describe the ischium.
It's one of the coxal bones of the hip and is considered the "sit-down" bone, as it forms the most inferior and posterior portion of the coxal bone.
What is the ischial tuberosity?
It's the most outstanding marking on the ischium and it receives the weight of the body when sitting.
What is the ischial spine?
Superior to the ischial tuberosity, it is an important anatomical landmark of the pelvic cavity.
What are the less and greater sciatic notches of the ischium?
Allow the nerves and blood vessels to pass to and from the thigh. The sciatic nerve passes through the latter.
Describe the pubis?
One of the three bones that form the coxal bone of the pelvic/hip girdle. IT's the most anterior portion
describe the obturator foramen.
Located in the pubis of the coxal bone, formed by the fusion of the pubic rami anteriorly and the ischium posterially. It's the area which blood vessels and nerves run from the pelvic cavity into the thigh.
Describe the acetabulum.
A socket that forms and receives the head of the thigh bone - created by the fusing of the ilium, ischium and pubis.
Describe the difference between the male and female pelvis.
The female pelvis reflects modifications for childbearing - it is wider, shallower, lighter, and founder than that of the male. This allows the pelvis to suppoert the increasing size of a fetus, but also be large enough to allow the infant's head (its largest dimension) to descend through the birth canal at birth.
What is the false pelvis?
The portion superior to the arcuate line; it is bounded by the alae of the ilia laterally and the sacral promontory and lumbar vertebrae posteriorly. Althought the flase pelvis supports the abdominal viscera it does not restrict childbirth in any way.
What is the true pelvis?
The region inferior to the arcuate line that is almost entirely surrounded by bone. Its posterior boundary is formed by the sacrum. The ilia, ischia, and pubic bones define its limits laterally and anteriorly.
Male and female pelvis - how are they generally different?
Female: Tilted forward, adapted for childbearing; true pelvis defines the birth canal; cavity of the true pelvis is brod, shallw and has a greater capacity.
Male: Tilted less far forward; adapted for support of a male's heavier build and stronger muscles; cavity of the true pelvis is narrow and deep.
Male and female pelvis - bone thickness difference?
Female - less; bones lighter, thinner and smoother
Male - Greater, bones heavier and thicker and markings are more prominent.
Male and Female pelvis - pubic angle/arch.
Fremale - broader angle; more rounded
Male - angle is more acute
Male and female pelvis - sacrum.
Female - wider; shorter; sacrum is less curved
male - narrow; longer; sacral promontory more ventral.
Male and Female pelvis - coccyx.
Female - More movable; straighter, projects inferiorly
Male - Less movable; curves and projects anteriorly.
Male and female pelvis - pelvic inlet (brim)
Female - wider; oval from side to side
Male - Narrow; basically heart-shaped.
Male and Female pelvis - Pelvic outlet
Female - wider; ischial spines shorter, farther apart, and everted.
Male - Narrower; ischial spines longer, sharper, and point more medially.
Describe the thigh.
The femur, or thigh bone is the only bone of the thigh. It is the heaviest, strongest bone in the body.
How does the femur articulate with the hip bone?
The ball-like head of the femur articulates with the hip bone wia the deep, secure socket of the acetabulum.
What is the fovea capitis?
Located in the femur's head is a small central pit calle dthe fovea capitis - from which a samll ligament runs to the acetabulum.
Describe the head of the femur?
The head of the femur is carried on a short, constricted neck, which angles laterally to join the shaft. The neck is the weakest part of the femur and is a common fracture site (an injury called a broken hip), particularly in the elderly.
Describe the junction of the femur shaft and neck.
Located there are the greater and lesser trochanters - separated posteriorly by the intertrochanteric crest and anteriorly by the intertrochanteric line.
What are the sites of muscle attachment on the femur?
The trochanters and trochanteric crest as well as the gluteal tuberosity and the linea aspera.
Describe the distal end of the femur.
Distally, the femur terminates in the lateral and medial condyles, which articulate with the tibia below and the patelar surface, which forms a joint with the ptaella anteriorlly. The lateral and medial epicondyles, just superior to the condyles, are separated by the intercondylar fossa. on the superior part of the medial epicondyle is a bump, the adductor turercle, to which the large adducter magnus muscle attaches.
Describe the patella.
A triangular sesamoid bone enclosed in the quadriceps tendon that secures the anterior thigh muscle to the ibia. It guards the knee joint anteriorly and improves the leverage of the thigh muscles acting across the knee joint.
What are the bones of the leg?
The tibia and the fibia.
Describe the tibia of the leg.
The shinbone is the larger and more medial of the two leg bones.
Describe the proxmal end of the fibia.
The medial and lateral condyles - separated by the intercondylar eminence - recieve the distal end of the femur to form the kneww joint. Just below the condyles is the tibial tuberosity - a roughened protrusion on the anterior rivial surface which is the site of attachment of the patellar liagament. Small facets on the superior and inferior surface of the lateral condyle of the tibia articulate with the fibula.
Describe the distal end of the tibia.
It articulates with the talus bone of the foot - the anterior surface of the tibia bears a sharpened ridge that is relatively unprotected by muscles. This so-called anterior border is easily felt beneath the skin.
Describe the fibula.
Lies parallel to the tibia, and takes no part in forming the knee joint. Thin and sticklike with a shart anterior crest.
Describe the proximal head of the fibula.
articulates with the lateral condyle of the tibia.
Describe the distal end of the fibula.
It terminates distally in the lateral malleolus, which forms the outter part, or lateral bulge of the ankle.
what bones make up the foot?
- 7 tarsal bones
- 5 metatarsal bones which form the insteap
- 14 phalanges - which form the toes.
Where on the foot is body weight concentrated?
on the two largest tarsals which form the posterior aspect of the foot, the calcaneus (hell bone) and the talus, which lie between the tibia and the calcaneus.
Describe the metatarsals.
Named and numbered I through V, medial to lateral. Like the fingers of the hand, each toe has three phalanges except the great toe which has two.
How are the boens in the foot arranged?
They are arranged to produce three strong arches - two longitudinal arches (medial and lateral) and one transverse arch. Ligaments, binding the foot bones together, and tendons of the foot muscles hold the bones firmly in the arched position but still allow a certain degree of give. Weakened arches are refered to as fallen arches or flat feet.
