Kartographie 11

topographic map: configuration of a surface including relief and the position of is natural and human-made features

vertical plane views:

-contour lines (equal intervall, height info, relative to mean sea level)

-hachure (Bergstrich) (steepness trough darkness, combined with lightning effects)

-physiographic (tells something about vegetation usw.)

-shaded relief (oblique light source mostly from NW)

-various morohometric representations focusing on aspect or slope

-(oblique view (block diagramms, panoramas) appear as 3 D, but they are 2.5 D+: more attrective, digitally no problem -: not as accurate as plane views)

-illuminated and shadowed areas shoul be distinguishable

-dramatic effect of shaded relief

nowadays most is done digitally and automatically

essential for topo maps:

-elevation

-all features that belong to earth's surface, i.e. landscape

what is represented:

-configuration of the landscape, all topographic features without relief

-surface (Gelände): representation on 3D

-text explanation, labbeling features

-map grid, marginalia usw.

requirements:

-comleteness

-legibility

-accuracy

digital data for Swisstopo maps

-digitale Landschaftsmodelle (DLM)= Vector 25/200

-digitale topographische Karten (DTK)= Pixelkarten ()von Handkarten

-digitale Gelände-/Höhenmodelle (DGM/DHM)= DHM 25

-digitale Orthophotos (DOP)= optical distortion and geometric displacements are adressed using photogrammetric methods

-versch. private Supplier

production:

aerial surveys (photogrammetry)

ground surveys

fundamental map use tasks: orientation & navigation/route finding

fundamentals: location, frame of reference and direction (angular measurement from baseline; 2 Types: absolute/exocentric and relative/egocentric

where is north? 3 NOrths!

geographic or true north: direction line of longitude, along meridians

magnetic north: compass needle, keeps moving

grid north: direction line of going North on any geographic reference grid systems, e.g. UTM grid

declination: asses direction deviations from accepted standard

-angular difference between norths

-magnetic declination (difference between true north and magnetic north, depends on location on Earth)

-isogonic charts: agonic line: zero declination, isogonic lines<. lines of equal declinations

compass: 32 points on standard compass

azimuths: most common system, degrees clockwise from north reference (0-360°)

bearings: horizontal angle measured in degrees (o-90° clockwise easrtward or counterclockwise westwar) either north or south reference line, typicall in sea navigation

back azimuth: 180° from given azimuth

back bearing: opposite direction of any given bearing

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