Kartographie

Kartentheorie

Kartentheorie

Elena Bruni

Elena Bruni

Set of flashcards Details

Flashcards 42
Language English
Category Geography
Level University
Created / Updated 23.12.2013 / 02.06.2017
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Collection Techniques

- Direct environmental perception (mental maps): limited in its usefulness for making cartographic maps

- Data from systematic methods

- Cartography and Geovisualisation Data: ground surveys, census, remote sensing, compoled data (inexpensive because its collected)
 

Common data acquisition methods

- terrestrial (land) surveying
- photogrammetric recording (tterrestrial and aerial)
- laser scanning (terrestrial and aerial)
- satellite remote sensing
- enquiries and statistics
- paper maps
- census data
 

Geoid

Shape of the Earth
- "if the sea covered the earth"
- surface of equal gravitational potential
 

Pro GS (Ground Survey)

High data quality

Con GS (Ground Survey)

data collection is tedious and can take a long time & money

Data integrity

data comes from different sources, formats (vector, rasters), scales, resolutions, sensors, time spans, processing methods...

Geographic featuers

-point- like

-line- like

-area- like

- volumes

Data models

representations, abstraction of reality, field based, entity based

Data structure

storage of spatial models in computer (raster, vector, objects)

Raster

-natural/ environmental phenomena
- points: one pixel
- lines: a sequence of pixels
- areas: contiguous group of pixels
 

Advantages Raster

Fast, simple, easy analysis, constant improvements of technology, easy display

Disadvantages Raster

high volume of data, redundancy of data, hard to represent small objects, limited to resolution, less adequate to represent human- made features

Vector

- Points: coordinate pair
- Lines: a sequence of pixels connected by vectors
- areas: points and vectors with a closure to form an area (polygon)

Advantages Vector

Extremely fne resolution, small or large format, compact and efficient, reduced redundancy, topology (GIS), vector data looks better for detailed features

Disadvantages Vector

cumbersome iin data capturing stage, complex for analysis, computing data is intensive, display can be expensive (high resolution)

Levels of Measurement

Nominal

Ordinal

Interval

Ratio

Qualitative Data

What?

Quantitative data

How much?

Nominal

Qualitative, what kind?

- name labels, categories, no order

Ordinal

qualitative, what rank?

- first, second, third... bad, medium, good

- implicit order: e.g. from low to high

- distances between ranks not quantified

Interval

Sophisticated from of quantitative data, how much?

- explicit ordering/ numeric

- difference between classes

- no absolute zero

- value as reference (Degree Celsius)

Ratio (Verhältnisskala)

most sophisticated form of quantitative data

- explicit ordering/ numeric difference between classes

- absolute value zero values as reference (degree Kelvin)

Data Interpolation (Erweiterung)

Missing Data: prediction, guessing
- phenomena has to be well-known

In Science: Based on sample

Interpolation

predicting values at a location between two known values

Interpolation

predicting values at a location between two known values

Extrapolation

predicting a value that falls beyond the location of known values

Data Tarnsformation

Raw information manipulated for mapping

Derived Data

Average, ratios, indexes, deviations (Abweichungen), regressions (Rückgang)

- easier to handle when searching for patterns

Data Quality

- check documentation (metadata)
- accuracy and precision?
- Age
- What sort of Modifications where made?
 

Mapmaking

Production of touchable or untouchable maps

Cartography - What

- Learning how to design and produce maps which effectively communicate what is known
 

Cartography - productions

- maps
- plans
- charts and sections
- three- dimensional models and globes representing the Earth or any other celestial body at any scale
 

Geovisualization

- the use of graphics to facilitate thinking, problem solving and decision making (GIS)

- means in the process of understaning rather than the communication of what is finally understood (GIS)

Content

- presenting what is known (cartography)
- Revealing unknowns (insights) (geovisualization)

Interaction

- Low (cartography)
- High (geovisualization)

Audience

- public (cartography)
- Private (personal) realm (geovisualization)

Map elements

- Symbols (Signaturen)
- Labels
- Orientation
- Perspective (Abildungsart)
- Scale bar
- Titles
- Notes (Kartenrandangaben)
- Inset/ locator map
- Legend
- Graticule (Kartennetz)
- Author/ cartographer
- Data Sources
- Dates

Topographic Map Types

- Reference Map
- Thematic Map
- Navigational Charts

Reference Map

- storage of spatial information - General purpose: dictionary of features - Includes geographic features (land, water, landmarks) - Gives an answer to spatial questions (Where?, What?, When?) - E.g.: atlas, globes (road maps, satellite image maps)

Reference Map

- storage of spatial information
- General purpose: dictionary of features
- Includes geographic features (land, water, landmarks)
- Gives an answer to spatial questions (Where?, What?, When?)
- E.g.: atlas, globes (road maps, satellite image maps)