Kartographie
Kartentheorie
Kartentheorie
Set of flashcards Details
Flashcards | 42 |
---|---|
Language | English |
Category | Geography |
Level | University |
Created / Updated | 23.12.2013 / 02.06.2017 |
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Collection Techniques
- Direct environmental perception (mental maps): limited in its usefulness for making cartographic maps
- Data from systematic methods
- Cartography and Geovisualisation Data: ground surveys, census, remote sensing, compoled data (inexpensive because its collected)
Common data acquisition methods
- terrestrial (land) surveying
- photogrammetric recording (tterrestrial and aerial)
- laser scanning (terrestrial and aerial)
- satellite remote sensing
- enquiries and statistics
- paper maps
- census data
Geoid
Shape of the Earth
- "if the sea covered the earth"
- surface of equal gravitational potential
Pro GS (Ground Survey)
High data quality
Con GS (Ground Survey)
data collection is tedious and can take a long time & money
Data integrity
data comes from different sources, formats (vector, rasters), scales, resolutions, sensors, time spans, processing methods...
Geographic featuers
-point- like
-line- like
-area- like
- volumes
Data models
representations, abstraction of reality, field based, entity based
Data structure
storage of spatial models in computer (raster, vector, objects)
Raster
-natural/ environmental phenomena
- points: one pixel
- lines: a sequence of pixels
- areas: contiguous group of pixels
Advantages Raster
Fast, simple, easy analysis, constant improvements of technology, easy display
Disadvantages Raster
high volume of data, redundancy of data, hard to represent small objects, limited to resolution, less adequate to represent human- made features
Vector
- Points: coordinate pair
- Lines: a sequence of pixels connected by vectors
- areas: points and vectors with a closure to form an area (polygon)
Advantages Vector
Extremely fne resolution, small or large format, compact and efficient, reduced redundancy, topology (GIS), vector data looks better for detailed features
Disadvantages Vector
cumbersome iin data capturing stage, complex for analysis, computing data is intensive, display can be expensive (high resolution)
Levels of Measurement
Nominal
Ordinal
Interval
Ratio
Qualitative Data
What?
Quantitative data
How much?
Nominal
Qualitative, what kind?
- name labels, categories, no order
Ordinal
qualitative, what rank?
- first, second, third... bad, medium, good
- implicit order: e.g. from low to high
- distances between ranks not quantified
Interval
Sophisticated from of quantitative data, how much?
- explicit ordering/ numeric
- difference between classes
- no absolute zero
- value as reference (Degree Celsius)
Ratio (Verhältnisskala)
most sophisticated form of quantitative data
- explicit ordering/ numeric difference between classes
- absolute value zero values as reference (degree Kelvin)
Data Interpolation (Erweiterung)
Missing Data: prediction, guessing
- phenomena has to be well-known
In Science: Based on sample
Interpolation
predicting values at a location between two known values
Interpolation
predicting values at a location between two known values
Extrapolation
predicting a value that falls beyond the location of known values
Data Tarnsformation
Raw information manipulated for mapping
Derived Data
Average, ratios, indexes, deviations (Abweichungen), regressions (Rückgang)
- easier to handle when searching for patterns
Data Quality
- check documentation (metadata)
- accuracy and precision?
- Age
- What sort of Modifications where made?
Mapmaking
Production of touchable or untouchable maps
Cartography - What
- Learning how to design and produce maps which effectively communicate what is known
Cartography - productions
- maps
- plans
- charts and sections
- three- dimensional models and globes representing the Earth or any other celestial body at any scale
Geovisualization
- the use of graphics to facilitate thinking, problem solving and decision making (GIS)
- means in the process of understaning rather than the communication of what is finally understood (GIS)
Content
- presenting what is known (cartography)
- Revealing unknowns (insights) (geovisualization)
Interaction
- Low (cartography)
- High (geovisualization)
Audience
- public (cartography)
- Private (personal) realm (geovisualization)
Map elements
- Symbols (Signaturen)
- Labels
- Orientation
- Perspective (Abildungsart)
- Scale bar
- Titles
- Notes (Kartenrandangaben)
- Inset/ locator map
- Legend
- Graticule (Kartennetz)
- Author/ cartographer
- Data Sources
- Dates
Topographic Map Types
- Reference Map
- Thematic Map
- Navigational Charts
- storage of spatial information - General purpose: dictionary of features - Includes geographic features (land, water, landmarks) - Gives an answer to spatial questions (Where?, What?, When?) - E.g.: atlas, globes (road maps, satellite image maps)
Reference Map
- storage of spatial information
- General purpose: dictionary of features
- Includes geographic features (land, water, landmarks)
- Gives an answer to spatial questions (Where?, What?, When?)
- E.g.: atlas, globes (road maps, satellite image maps)