History of the English Language
History of the English language
History of the English language
Fichier Détails
| Cartes-fiches | 71 |
|---|---|
| Langue | English |
| Catégorie | Anglais |
| Niveau | Université |
| Crée / Actualisé | 05.02.2015 / 23.07.2020 |
| Lien de web |
https://card2brain.ch/box/history_of_the_english_language
|
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Define the term 'variety' (basic definition).
Any set of linguistic forms which patterns according to certain factors.
Give the advanced definition of 'variety'.
Any body of human speech patterns which is suffieciently homogeneous to be analyzed by available techniques of synchronic description and which has a sufficiently large repertory of elements and thier arrangements or processes with broad enough semantic scope to function in all formal contexts of communication.
Name the levels of linguistic variation and give examples.
1.) phonetics & phonology
--> pronunciation of British and American English
2.) vocabulary
--> new Zealand = solo parents Bitish English = single parents
3.) syntax
--> scottish = I'll not do that. Bitish= I won't do that.
4.) semantics
--> south African English = robot for traffic light (British)
5.) pragmatics
--> accepting a compliment in the Us as opposed to India
Name terminologies describing the varieties of English.
World English, World Englishes, New Englishes, Postcolonial Englishes
What is meant by Wolrd English?
English as a world language in all its variety
What is meant by World Englishes?
Vareities of English (standard, dialect, national, regional, creole, hybrid, 'broken' etc.) throught the world
What is meant by New Englishes?
is explicitly restricted to the newly grown second-langugae varieties especially of Africa and Asia, like Tanzanian + Inidian English
What is menat by Postcolonial Englishes?
Unites all the varieties which have shared origins in (mostly) British colonization activities, emphazising the historical origin & the process which have resulted from it.
(excludes British English, but includes American and Australian English)
Define the term 'Pragmatics'.
It studies the use of language in human communicatopn as determined by the conditions of society. (Language in context)
Define the term 'historical pragmatics'.
Can be defined as the study of historical data from a pragmatic perspective, the diachronic study of pragmatic elements or the study of language change from a pragmatic perspective.
What is meant by speech act?
An utterance made by a certain speaker to a hearer in a certain context with a certain communicative intention.
What is meant by indirect speech act?
Speakers perform a speech act, which leads to the desired extralinguistic change. (F.e.: 'You-re fired!')
What is an indirect speech act?
Speakers perform a speech act (the primary speech act) via another (second) speech act.
(e.g.: 'It is freezing here')
What is meant by 'Pragmaphilology'?
Historical texts (e.g. testaments) from a particular period of English are studied from a pragmatic perspective.
What is meant by diachronic pragmatics?
Historical texts from various periods of English are studied from a pragmatic perspective .
What does 'form-to-function-mapping' mean?
Diachronic pragmatics: What are different functions of one form (e.g. 'you') over time?
What does function-to-form-mapping mean?
Diachronic pragmatics: What are different form that fulfilled one and the same function (e.g. greeting someone) over time?)
Name features of a text.
a) longer than one sentence
b) self-contained
c) specific, communicative intention
Define 'genre'.
Established on the basis of language-external criteria (e.g. format, length, purpose, etc.)
Define 'texttype'.
Established on the basis of language-internal features
What is an example for historical texts?
Cooking Recipes
Define 'sociology of language'.
The study of society via language.
Explain 'sociolinguistics'.
the study of lanuguage via society.
Explain the terms: social class, scial stratification, sociolects/ social class dialect.
Social class = groups of individuals with similar social and/or economic characteristics
social stratification = any hierarchical ordering of groups within a society in terms of power, wealth, status or other parameters
sociolect/ social class dialect = differentiation of human society mirrored by language
Who was William Labov?
He was the founding father of modern sociolinguistics. He claimed that the realisation of phonological, morphological, or syntactic items can vary in a single speaker or in groups of spakers.
Name an example of linguistic variation. (William Labov)
The woman who drove past ...
The woman that drove past ....
What was the experiment of William Labov about ?
Rhoticity in NYC
--> 1972: The social stratification of (r) in New York City Department Stores
Name characteristics of a corpus.
1. collection of spoken and/or wrtten data on clearly defined principles
2. naturally-occuring speech
3. machine-readable (in modern corpus linguistics)
4. representative (for certain types of language use)
5. possibly balanced
Who mostly lead language change?
Women
Name characteristics of corpus-linguistic studies.
-computer-assisted
- exhaustive
- intersubjectively verifiable
- frequency-oriented
- context-sensitive
Name the steps of the procedure of corpus-linguistic studies.
1. Research question
2. Literature review
3. Data selection
4. Data analysis
5. Interpretation and conclusion
