Englisch Textanalyse

• deixis
• ellipsis
• coordinate and subordinate conjunction
• repeated structures in non-coordinate structures
• listing structures
• parallelism in lists
• sequence forms 
• predictive devices
• formatting devices

anaphoric, cataphoric, exophoric

- pronouns (he, she, it, they)

- definite, demonstrative, and possessive determiners (the, this/that/these/those, their)

- non-definite adverbs of place and time (here, there, then, before, now)

ommission of redundant elements

- pro-forms: do, so, too

- implicit repetition

- coordinate structures: and, or, but, linking heads of phrases, main verbs, phrases, SCls, MCls

- subordinate markers: so, yet, although, while, etc.

- repetition at the phonetic level such as alliteration or rhyme

- similar types of subject: e.g. same pronoun, all simple NPs, light, heavy, delayed

- form of verb phrase: e.g. most in the simple past, present progressive, etc

- types of post-modifiers: e.g. numerous post-modifying PPs or RCls

- fronted adverbials: e.g. time in 2009, that summer, before...

- additive: moreover, in addition, as well, etc

- alphabetic: a, b, c,...

- enumerative: 1, 2, 3, ...

- bullet points, lists with punctuation: colons, semi-colons, commas

- additive: moreover, in addition, as well, etc

- alphabetic: a, b, c,...

- enumerative: 1, 2, 3, ...

- bullet points, lists with punctuation: colons, semi-colons, commas

- additive: moreover, in addition, as well, etc

- alphabetic: a, b, c,...

- enumerative: 1, 2, 3, ...

- bullet points, lists with punctuation: colons, semi-colons, commas

e.g. repeated verbs froms, noun phrases

- initators: a/am, plural Ns, Once upon a time...

- terminators: conjunct Adverbials, And they lived...

- sequence signals: adjunct and conjunct Adverbials

reporting, recapitulation, question, etc

- reference to an upcoming list: e.g. three problems must be discussed in this context.

- questions: e.g. what are the problems with the present policy?

- recapitulation: e.g. In summary...

e.g. underline, italics, bold, white spaces between paragraphs

- context

• current world and local events
• culture, country, audience, distribution

- extralinguistic world knowledge

- intra- and intertextuality

• reference to same or other texts (intra: same / inter: other)

- logical organization and structure

• introduction, body, end-unit/closing
• moves within the text

- markers for beginning, middle and end

- linear progression

- logical development

- predictive devices

- pro-forms after referents (anaphoric deixis)

- typical of non-fiction/objective texts

- lack of or repetition of markers for beginning, middle and end

- element of tension

- unexpected elements

- pro-forms before referents (cataphoric deixis)

- common in fiction and other subjective texts 

- temporal (typical of narration)

• logical sequences as a secondary structuring on expository and argumentation

- spatial (typical of description)

• often combined with temporal sequences in narration

- analytical (typical of exposition)

• secondary structuring in argumentation and instruction

- deductive (typical of argumentation)

• secondary structuring in exposition

- listing (typical of instruction)

• secondary structuring in exposition and argumentation

- climactic / anticlimactic (leading up to a point): common in narration, description and argumentation

- general-to-particular / particular-to-general: common in exposition and argumentation

- cause-to-effect / effect-to-cause: common in narration, exposition and argumentation

- coherence at the global level

- overall unity of a discourse sequence

- global meaning of a passage

- meanings assigned to text in processes of interpretation and the meanings derived from the local meaning of words and sentences

- in addition to the meanings of words and sentences, world knowledge (extralinguistic knowl.) affects the reader's ability to understand a piece of text as a coherent whole

- procedural knowledge (knowing how)

- declarative knowledge (knowing what)

• linguistic knowledge: pre-existing knowledge about the language, co-textual knowledge gained from text, social knowledge (genre, text type, etc)
• extralinguistic knowledge: pre-existing knowledge about various domains, knowledge acquired from the text

the statement being argued (a thesis)

also: thesis statement, opinion, assertion, premise, proposition

the data, facts or evidence to prove the argument

also: reasons, evidence, supporting points, examples, citations/expert's opinions

the general, often implicit, statements that serve as bridges between the claim and the data

implicit assumptions that support the warrants by answering different questions

statements that limit the strength of the argument or statements that propose the conditions under which the argument is true

counter-arguments and their answers or statements indicating circumstances when the general argument does not hold true

- discussed by Kant

- background knowledge used to make sense of experience

- set of concepts co-activated depending on the context

- "global patterns of events and states in ordered sequences linked by time proximity and casuality." (B&D)

- proposed by Minsky to represent fixed structures of knowledge (stereotypical situations)

- allows coherence to be imposed on incoming info

- packets of info similar to a film frame

- exemplify typical instances or cases

- inherit default assumptions that can be displaced when more specific info is available

- global patterns containing commonsense knowledge about central concepts (e.g. birthday parties)

- predict behavior in specific situations/frames

- frame-like structures representing sequences of expected actions or events (similar to a film)

- established plans called up fequently to specify the roles of participants and their expected actions

- allow us to fill in or infer scenes or actions that are not explicitly mentioned

- titles and headings

- white space

- numerical and alphabetical lists

- typeface, including:

• font size
• font type
• font features

- margins, indenting, white space between paragraphs

- tables and visuals (charts, illustrations, photographs)

- color, columns, frames, symbols (arrows etc)

• layout and design features (appearance)
• headings at different levels
• recognizable without reading the text
• traditional and/or expected characteristics
• agreed upon by discourse community
• economical or unambiguous communication
• genre-specific conventions

• titles of books, articles, texts
• chapters, sections, paragraphs
• closed class words excluded if possible
• elliptic structures ("telegraph style")
• special typeface/fonts/effects
• spacing (center, right-justified, white space)
• conventions specific to genre and/or publisher

• lists and parallelism
• predictive devices
• reading path / organization / logical development
• pronoun and determiner deixis
• explicit indicators of syntactic relations (cj, A)
• distinction between original text, direct speech and reported speech
• inter- and intra-textual references