Englisch Textanalyse

part of a larger whole (supernym)

words with the same dictionary meaning

words with "opposite" meaning

phrase with same meaning as a word

producer of texts (writer)

words and phrases referring to the same thing or person in the text

substiution of one word for another word closely associated with it

substitution of one word for another that it is a part of or vice versa.

- effect for cause: It's a slow road.

- object for user. The press is responsible for...

- substance for form: Do they take plastic?

- place for event: Fukushima has changed...

- institution for people: No. 10 has not yet...

- producer for product: She owns a Picasso...

- part for whole (meronym to refer to supernym): We need two hired hands.

- whole for part (supernym to refer to meronym): Switzerland won the game.

- species for genus (hyponym to refer to supernym): Can you hoover the hall=

- genus for species (supernym to refer to hyponym): Stupid animal!

age, education, sex, socio-economic status, family status, other demographic factors

linguistic markers of dialect (spelling or lexis), presuppositions of previous knowledge (jargon, organizations, famous people), exophoric references (to people, places, events, etc outside of the text)

- direct reference: texts dealing with other texts, explicit references to authors and/or other texts, citations/quotations, plagiarism, translation

- indirect reference (allusions): imitation of genre conventions, allusions to other texts/oter media/events outside of the text/people, places etc

informative/referential

expressive

appellative

aesthetic/poetic

phatic

metalinguistic

obligation

declaration

- focus on information and facts

- format often standard and conventionalized

- most obvious in objective, non-literary texts

- textbooks, news items, reports, articles, memos, minutes of meetings

. feelings of writer, author-centered

- less conventionalized (e.g. non standard syntax and/or punctuation)

- unusual collocations, original metaphors, neologisms

- most obvious in subjective texts

- imaginative literature, authoritative statements, personal correspondence, autobiography

- relation between the writer and the reader

- directives (imperatives, emphatic declaratives, impersonal passives, etc)

- immediately comprehensible to reader

- most obvious in argumentative and instructive texts

- notices, propaganda, advertising, arguments

- designed to please the senses

- form often follows funtion (e.g. non.standard paragraphing, design features)

- sound effects, onomatopoeia, metaphors

- regular reiteration of equivalent units

- primarily subjective texts

- poetry, lyrics, certain prose, advertising jingles

- focus on the channel of communication

- maintain contact with readership

- standard phrases (phaticisms)

- found in both subjective and objective texts

- dialogue, written correspondence (greeting cards, letters, e-mail)

- language about language as an object of study

- grammatical and text terms

- linguistic terms identified as such (e.g. in italics or quotation marks)

- found in both subjective and objective texts

- stories, text analysis, reviews, law, religion

- someone agrees to do something (for someone else)

- some conventionalized forms and formulations

- contracts, written agreements, guarantees, warranties, oaths, thenders

- someone (usually an authority) states or declares what is valid

- highly conventionalized forms and formulations

- laws, decrees, certificates, verdicts

narrative

descriptive

expository

argumentative

instructive

- primarily temporal development

- plots or events ordered chronologically

- action; people and their interactions

- narrative structure: orientation (setting of scene), complication (composition of the plot), resolution (disentanglement of the complication), evaluation (position of the narrator)

- typically called stories, reports, news items

- typically found in novels, biographies, history books, gov reports, newspapers

- typical linguistic features: 

• initiators and terminators 
• temporal references (dates, times, seasons, adverbials)
• personal MCl subjects (proper noouns frequent)
• reporting verbs with direct and reported speech
• sequences of action and change verbs
• tense and aspect of verbs indicating temporal order: past simple (changes the narrative, what happened), present simple (facts, common knowledge, dialogue), past perfect (previous to narration), present perfect (relevance to now, "hot news"), past progressive (background info, setting)

- primarily spatial or analytical development

- phenomena dealt with in a spatial context and/or broken down into constituent elements

- identification and description of parts

- typically called description (of places, objects, concepts)

- typically found in magazine features, within narratives, reportage, encyclopedias, etc.

- typical linguistic features:

• concrete nouns common (objects, people, etc.)
• physical adjectives (color, size, shae, etc)
• copular and non-change verbs (especially be and have)
• present simple (if in past narrative, then past simple)
• heavy pre- and -post-modification of nouns
• adverbials of place and direction
• listing structures

- topics causally and logically connected

- phenomena dealt with in terms of cause and effect

- explanation through analysis (general to specific) or synthesis (detail generalized to whole)

- typically called explanations or explications

- typically found in essays, textbooks, handbooks, encyclopedias

- typical linguistic features:

• S-be-Cs and S-have-Od structures common
• change or non-change verbs in the present tense
• probable mode common (i.e. modal verbs)
• ACl of reason/cause or result
• conjunct adverbials (e.g. for example, moreover, in addition)
• metaphor used for explanations
• listing structures (repetitions, series, lists)

- proposition, opinion, claim, and/or counterclaim made

- grounds, reasons, and/or evidence provided as support of justification of claim

- evaluation of judgment, leading to a conclusion and/or recommendation

- typically called opinions, theories, persuasion, beliefs, claims

- typically found in editorials, magazine articles, scientific articles

- typcial linguistic features:

• simple present
• modal verbs and negation
• abstract lexis common
• quality-attributing adjectives
• persuasive features and style
• adverbials of condition, concession, and reason

- future behavior demanded or suggested to the reader

- ordered by importance, situation-specific logic, or chronological sequence

- typically called instructions, directions, orders, requests, advice

- typically found in ads, guidelines, manuals, cookbooks, laws, rules, regulations, etc.

- typical linguistic features:

• explicit imperatives 
• action-suggesting predicators
• verbs of intention
• action-suggesting forms
• implied or explicit second person
• listing, coordinate, and/or parallel structures
• adverbials of condition

• phenomena related to private experience
• not externally verifiable
• expressive funtion often primary

• attitudinal
• dramatic
• judgmental (positive and/or negative)
• informal and/or formal
• personal
• possibly imprecise

• variety of sentence types (?,!, minor)
• ellipsis
• stance adverbials
• marked word order, emphatic devices
• non-standard punctuation

• implicit / unnamed references
• people, places, events, trends assumed to be familiar
• intertextual allusions
• cultural assumptions
• appeal to the familiar

• appreciatory / depreciatory
• evocative
• hyperbolic
• ironical
• impolite / polite
• metaphorical
• persuasive

• phenomena presented as seperate from author
• accuracy / truth externally verifiable
• informative function often primary

• proper nouns, dates, times, measures
• mostly neutral
• non-judgmental
• possibly formal
• impersonal
• precise, technical