Einführung in die englische Sprach- und Übersetzungswissenschaft
B.A Übersetzungswissenschaft
B.A Übersetzungswissenschaft
Set of flashcards Details
Flashcards | 120 |
---|---|
Language | English |
Category | English |
Level | University |
Created / Updated | 20.01.2015 / 21.01.2015 |
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Greece - Syntax (Aristotelian logic)
-syntactic division between subject (NP) and predicate (VP)
-universal??
-main theory of quantification until predicate logic in late 19th century
Middle Ages
-Religion for philosophy
-Latin as Lingua Franca (religion, education, intellectual discourse)
-methods of teching in Latin, basis: grammar of Latin (500 A.D.)
-bilingual glossaries for translation
-languages: Greek, Latin, Hebrew, Arabic
-unity of grammar inherent in all languages
-Thomas v Erfurt: speculative grammar - > modistic systems
Middle Ages: Modistic systems
Thomas von Erfurt:
speculative grammar -> modistic systems
1. modes of being (modi essendi)
2. modes of understanding (modi intelligendi)
3. modes of signification (modi significandi)
Renaissance - important events
-14th century: writings and paintings in Florence
-1450: invention of typesetting
-1492: discovery of the 'new world'
-1517: Luther's 95 theses
-1534: first printing of German Bible
-1453:Constantinople falls to Turks
Renaissance - Interest in language diversifies
-philology: textual criticism
-more interest in vernaculars
-learning foreign languages
-languages of the new world: Quechua, Guarani
-languages of Asia: Japanese, Chinese, Sanskrit
-written languages of the educated classes -> grammars of Spanish, Italian, Polish, English
Renaissance - Translation
-contributes to the development of written language (Literatursprache), esp. bible translations
-Luther's bible translation 1534: basis of standard German
-then reflection on translation, methods and techniques
Renaissance - Theoretical Stances
empiricist - rationalist
1 empiricist : knowledge from sense impression and observation, abstraction and generalization by the mind (Bacon, Locke..)
2 rationalist :human reason
----> debate: innateness of ideas (empiricists: no; rationalists yes)
Renaissance / Trnasition to modern times
Issues:
*before: written language, now: also pronounciation
*language change (eg. Latin -> Romance languages)
*English grammar
*word classes as we know them today
Middle Ages - Transition to modern times - 19th century
Main issues:
-regular sound shifts
-the phoneme
-synchronic vs. diachronic linguistics
-language as a system independet of individual speech habits -> understood by all members of a speech community
Middle Ages - Transition to modern times
Sanskrit : historical language (2000 B.C) -> key of historical linguistics (19th century)
topics: *grammar
*semantics
*phonetics and phonology
*relation word - meaning
*relation clause - words of which clause consists
*relation utterance - language (parole - langue)
phonetics: Handbook of phonetics , 1877
Middle Ages - Transition to modern times - 19th century II
-era of comparative and historical linguistics > more comprehensive study
-modern theoretical and methodological conceptions (Grimm, Humboldt..)
-Grimm: grammar of German (e.g. Umlaut)
-Grimm, Ropp;Rask: founders of historical linguistics
-Humboldt: the first to write about nonhistorical linguistics
Middle Ages - Transition to Modern Times - 19th century
The Genetic Hypothesis
-languages which have sprung from some common source belong to the same family
*e.g. German and English closely related to each other and ultimately to Sanskrit
-relations between languages
-explain differences between languages
-language as living organisms evolving -> progress or decay
Middle Ages - Transition to modern times III -19th century
August Schlegel
-Schlegel: three fold distinction of languages:
*isolating : each word consists of a single unchanging root (Chinese)
*affixing with unchanging roots and affixes (Turkish)
*inflecting with changeable roots and affixes (German , Sanskrit, Latin)
Middle Ages - Transition to modern times IV -19th century
Grimm's Law
Grimm:
-Ablaut (singen, sang, gesungen / binden, Band) vs Umlaut (Huhn, Hühner / groß, größer)
-Lautverschiebung = sound shift
Grimm's Law:
-1st Germanic shift: t > th (lat. tu > OE. thu)
d > t
th>d
2nd High Germanic shift:
th > d (OE thu > du
d > t (OE dauhtar > Tochter)
------> T -> TH -> D -> T
Middle Ages - Transition to modern times - Translation II
-translation as hermeneutics (eg Schleiermacher)
-two kinds of translation : *literal translation, formal equivalence
*adaptation, free translation, dynamic equivalence
What is Modern Linguistics ?
-describing language and speaking
-theoretical and practical aspects
-neighboring disciplines (e.g. Neurolinguistik, Soziologie...)
Modern Linguistics - Descriptive Linguistics
Saussure, 1916
-synchronic - diachronic
-langue (language system) - parole (utterances)
-syntagmatic - paradigmatic relations (e.g. "I will have to go - She may have to run")
-> structuralism = basis of modern linguistics
-phonology
Modern Linguistics - Prague School
-speech sounds = parole ; phonemes = langue
-phoneme: complex phonological unit realized by speech sounds
-distinctive features, eg vioced (b) and voiceless (p)
-prosodic analysis = length, stress, pitch
Modern Linguistics - North America
-Bloomfield 1933: behaviorist: only observable phenomena, empiricist
-distributional analysis -> immediate constituent analysis
Modern Linguistics - Reactions to Bloomfield
-rationalism: *investigation of competence
*method: introspection
*language as key to human mind
*language acqusition (Naom Chomsky)
-relation of form - function
-contextual theory of language (Firth, Halliday)
Modern Linguistics - Generative Transformational Grammar
Chomsky
(1) John appreciates music.
(2) Music is appreciated by John
(3) John's appreciating music
(4) John's appreciation of music.
2,3,4 transformations of 1
Modern Linguistics - Systemic functional grammar
Halliday:
-context of situation
-meaning is function in context
-three metafunctions: ideational, interpersonal, textual
Varieties of English
Three circles model
-Inner circle = traditional cultural and linguistic bases of English (UK, NZ, CAN, USA, SA, IRE, AUS)
-Outer circle = in former colony regions with institutionalised non native varieties (India, Nigeria...)
-Expanding circle = regions in which English is used in EFL contexts (Europa, China..)
Varieties of English
Why does the circle of English speakers keep expanding?
REASONS for prevalence of English in the world
-historical: colonialism
-internal politics: neutral means of communication
-external economic: USA dominant position
-practical: tourism, business
-intellectual: Lingua Franca with access to technologies, culture, academic writing
-entertainment: pop culture
Varieties of English
English in the EU - The dilemma
-denationalisation and neutralisation of English
--> English no longer reflects anglo-american culture
--->some memebers where English is mother tongue
--->more non native speakers
---> EU-institutions have created words that do not exist (eg. to precise)
Varieties of English
Intralingual variation
-various forms and types of media --> means of communication ---> nichtmediale Lekte (Sexlekte, Idiolekte, Dialekte, Soziolekte, Funktiolekte)
Varieties of English
Intralingual variation - linguistic variation in a lanugage community
DEPENDING ON POINT OF VIEW
register= context of situation =language by use
dialect= geographical region =language by user
sociolect= social group =language by user
Varieties of English
Language as a system VS language in use
= options VS realization strategies for providing information
e.g. to murder
options: umbringen, ermordern, ins Jenseits befördern....
realization depening on context or text type
Varieties of English
Regional Variation
-dialect : grammar and vocabulary
-accent: phonology
-dialectal zones British Isles: Irish, Scots, Welsh, Northern, Midland, Southwestern, London
-dialectal zones North America: Candian, Northern, Southern, Midland
Varieties of English
Examples: Regional Variation
1.) Ex.: Standard English:
*He's a man who likes his beer
*He's a man that likes his beer.
regional varieties:
*He's a man who likes his beer.
*He's a man that likes his beer.
*He's a man what likes his beer
*He's a man likes his beer
*He's a man he likes his beer
*He's a man at likes his beer
....
2.)
names for soft drinks in the US: northern/midlands: pop
southern: coke
soda
others...
Varieties of English
Social Variation
=sociolect
-sociolect indicates integration "I want to belong to a certain group"
-e.g. gender, education, age, ethnic group
-correlation uneducated - non standard dialects and accents
-educated cuts across regional boundaries
Example: British Upper Class: have a bath: Non-upper classes: take a bath
Varieties of English
Register and Genre
*Ideology decides on genre, genre decides on register, register decides on language
*genre and register is a matter of perspective
Genre: Which verbal interaction is appropriate in a particular context of situation?
Register: How is social interaction realized through linguistic forms?
Varieties of English
Register
Lingusitc variation as a reflection of language in use
speakers of languages know various registers
also: spoken vs written
subdivided into
1) Field of Discourse - what do speakers talk about and why? / Topics (specific unspecific) and goals (inform, persuade, entertain...)
2) Tenor of Discourse- who is talking and to whom? /Social interaction between speakers (how many speakers, who is speaking most, social hierarchy of participants,experts vs. lay persons, attitude on topic)
3) Mode of Discourse - How is she/he talking?/ written vs spoken, means to produce a text (does language play a major or minor role in this situation?; channel of communication (electronic, paper, phonic..)?; oral or written?
Morphology
Overview
-belongs to the speech unit "sentece, word" on the grammatical level
-a unit of speech or writing (word, lexeme) that symbolizes or communicates a specific meaning is made up of one or more morphemes
-a word belongs to a class (part of speech) and has a semantic value
Morphology
What morphology is about
-How words are structured -> morphemes
-How words have different forms -> inflectional morphology
-How new words a built -> word formation
Morphology:
-Inflectional morphology
-Word formation: *Derivational morphology
*Compounding
*other word formation processes
Morphology
Types of morphemes
Morphemes
free bound
lexical grammatical lexical grammatical
content word function word derivational affix inflectional affix
(house, deny, happy, fast) (I, in, but) (prefix,suffix:-ness, -un) (suffix: number case tense comp)
Morphology
Free morphemes VS bound morphemes
-free morphemes:words than can stand on their own and have their own meaning, appear with other lexemes or alone
-bound morphemes: appear only together with other morphemes to form a lexeme -> suffixes and prefixes
Morphology
Lexical morpheme vs Grammatical morpheme; Inflectional morpheme vs Derivational moorpheme
-lexical morphemes: open class (nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs // free morphemes), (-ment, -un, -able // derivational affixes // bound morphemes)
-grammatical morphemes: function words (pronouns, conjunctions, prepositions // free morphemes) and inflectional suffixes (-s, -'s, tense, gender, aspect, number // bound morphemes)
-inflectional morphemes: grammatical morpheme (inflectional suffixes such as tense, gender, number, aspect, -s, -'s // bound morphemes)
-derivational morphemes: added to a word to create another word (happy + ness -> happiness // bound morphemes). Often involves change in word class (part of speech)
Morphology
Definition morpheme
smallest meaningful element of a language that cannot be analyzed into smaller elements of meaning or grammatical function
Morphology
Definition allomorph
variant form of a morpheme (e.g. English plural morpheme represented by different allomorphs: table- tables, child - children)