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Set of flashcards Details
| Flashcards | 47 |
|---|---|
| Language | English |
| Category | Chemistry |
| Level | University |
| Created / Updated | 25.01.2016 / 01.05.2016 |
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What are four categories of drugs of abuse? (4p)
1. Stimulants
2. Depressants
3. Hallucinogens
4. Volatiles
What are five categories of therapeutic drugs? (5p)
1. Non-opiods
2. Antihistimines
3. Antidepressants
4. Antipsychotics
5. Anticonvulsants
What two other types of chemicals are of forensic relevance? (2p)
1. Carbon monoxide
2. Cyanide
What types of drugs are structurally similar to naturally occurring neurotransmitters? How do they differ so that the drug effects are not the same? (2p)
Amphetamine-related drugs (ARDs)
Particularly, amphetamine (AMP) and methamphetamine (MA)
Due to structural variations, there are differences in receptor binding profiles and thus, differences in drug effects from natural NT
Give the 8 examples of amphetamine-related drugs (ARDs) (8p)
1. Amphetamine
2. Methamphetamine
3. Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA)
4. Methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA)
5. Methyenedioxyethylamphetamine (MDEA)
6. Para-methyoxyamphetamine (PMA)
7. Benzylepiperazine (BZP)
8. Bath salts (beta-keto amphetamine analogues)
What are 4 common "good" effects and 7 "bad" effects of amphetamine (AMP) and methamphetamine (MA) (11p)
1. Euphoria
2. Hyperactivity
3. Vasoconstriction
4. Tachycardia
5. Agitation
6. Paranoia/Delusions
7. Psychosis
8. Seizures
9. Arrhythmia
10. Cardiorespiratory arrest
11. Death
What are 3 therapeutic uses of amphetamines? (3p)
1. Increase wakefulness (eg. in military)
2. ADD/ADHD
3. Appetite suppression
How do bodies respond to amphetamines in terms of habits? (3p)
1. Habit-forming
2. Often abused in a binge fashion
3. Marked withdrawal symptoms include hypersomnolence, depression, and cravings
Describe the effect of methyldioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) (2p)
MDMA is a synthetic drug that promotes release and inhibits reuptake of serotonin in nerve synapsess, as well as similar but to a lesser extent, effects with respect to dopamine and norepinephrine
What effects does methyldioxyamphetamines, metabolized from MDMA, have? (6p)
1. Increased energy
2. Hypertension
3. Tachycardia
4. Euphoria
5. Hallucinations (mostly due to structural similarity to mescaline)
6. Muscle clenching and spasms (eg. teeth clenching)
What is the "street name" for MDMA? (1p)
Ecstasy
Why are rave/club deaths common with the use of MDMA? (3p)
1. Hyperpyrexia (extreme body temperature), due to use of MDMA and strenuous physical activity and confined conditions)
2. Death resulting from multiple organ failures
3. Normally able to maintain much higher blood MDMA concentrations outside of "club" conditions
List 6 "good" effects and 7 "bad" effects of cocaine intake (13p)
1. Euphoria
2. Heightened sexual excitement
3. Increased energy
4. Vasoconstriction
5. Dilated pupils (mydriasis)
6. Tachycardia
7. Paranoia
8. Hallucinations
9. Delusions
10. Arrhythmia
11. Seizures
12. Cardiovascular injury
13. Cardorespiratory collapse
What system of the body does cocaine affect most largely, and what is this a result of? (2p)
1.Cocaine affects the central nervous system the most
2. Due ot inhibition of dopamine reuptake
For cocaine, what 4 common routes of administration are used? (4p)
1. Intranasal (snorting)
2. Smoking (crack or free base)
3. Intravenous
4. Oral (often to avoid discovery)
Why is it difficult to measure concentrations of cocaine, especially that which is administered? (2p)
1. Cocaine is rapidly converted to a number of inactive metabolites, both in vivo and in vitro
2. Cocaine concentrations measured may be lower than those at the time of death or sampling
How can a "crash" phase after binge doses of drugs be characterized by? (2p)
1. Extreme Fatigue
2. Depression
Define: opiates, and the main reason for their abuse (2p)
Opiates: drugs that are clinically used for the treatment of pain, and in rare cases, cough
They are abused for their euphoric effects
Name 3 "positive" effects and as many negative effects as you can about opiates/opiodes (3p+)
1. Analgesia
2. Euphoria
3. Sedation
4. Dizziness, nausea, vomiting, mental clouding, dysphoria, loss of consciousness, respiratory depression, coma, death
5. Pupillary contriction, reduced gastric motility, hypotension
For opiates/opiods, name 4 common routes of administration for THERAPEUTIC use and 4 common routes for ILLICIT use (8)p)
Therapeutic:
1. Oral (immediate and controlled release)
2. IV (infusion)
3. Transdermal (Fentanyl)
4. Epidural (Obstetrics)
Illicit:
5. Oral
6. IV
7. Smoking
8, Intranasal
What is the main category of depressants that we focus on in forensics? About how many are in this family of drugs used clinically in the treatment of anxiety and insomnia? (2p)
1. Benzodiazepines
2. Family of about 50 drugs used clinically in the treatment of anxiety and insomnia
What two other uses for benzodiazepines are there in clinical settings? (2p)
1. Control of seizures
2. Induction of anesthesia
List 6 effects of depressants (6p)
1. Sedation
2. Drowsiness
3. Dizziness
4. Confusion
5. Loss of coordination
6. Amnesia
Why are depressants used in conjuction with other drugs? (2p)
1. To enhance their effects (eg. with alcohol and opiates)
2. To offset their effects (eg. stumulants such as cocaine and MDMA) -- decrease mouth-clenching
List 6 common types of depressants (6p)
1. Diazepam
2. Lorazepam
3. Alprazolam (Xanax)
4. Clonazepam (treats epilepsy, anxiety, schizophrenia, etc.)
5. Flunitrazepam (Roofies)
6. Triazola (Halcion; used to be used as a veterinary tranquilizer)
What are some effects of cannabis and tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)? (6p-11p)
1. Euphoria
2. Relaxation
3. Altered temporal perception
4. Impaired concentration and coordination
5. Impaired learning and memory
6. Mood alterations (may be panic or paranoia)
7. Vasodilation
8. Tachycardia
9. Reddening of the eyes
10. Dryness of mouth and throat
11. Increased appetitie
What is the typical potency, and what are the higher percentages when it's in marijuana and hash, of cannabis and tetrahydrocannabino (THC)? (2p)
1. Typical potency is ~10%
2. ~30% in marijuana, ~50% in hash
When do blood THC concentrations peak? (1p)
Within minutes, and just after smoking ceases
The effects of cannabis and THC are delayed relative to maximum blood concentration. When are the peak effects felt within and when do the effects generally return to baseline within? (2p)
1. Peak effects are felt within ~30min
2. Effects return to baseline within 3-6hrs
On the oral ingestion of cannabis and THC, how is the Tmax and Cmax relative to those of smoking? (2p)
1. Tmax is ~1-6hrs (much slower)
2. cmax is significantly lower
When cannabis and/or THC are ingested orally, how does the drug diffuse and about how long does it take? (2p)
1. The drug diffuses out of fatty tissues
2. It takes about 1-4 days
How does the structure of cannabis and THC determine its general effect on the body? (1p)
Cannabis and THC are structurally similar to serotonin, so act as initiators of the serotonergic system, thus activate effects similar to serotonin.
What class of drug are cannabis & THC? (1p)
Hallucinogens
What are N-bombs? (1p)
N-bombs are synthetic, structurally different drugs that have similar effects as other drugs (such as LSD)
What category of drugs is LSD and what are routes of administration are commonly used for it? (2p)
1. LSD is the most potent of hallucinogens
2. Oral and transdermal
What is the dose range for LSD, when are the effects felt, and how long may they last? (3p)
1. Dose ranges from ~50-300µg
2. The effects are generally felt within ~30min
3. Effects may last up to 10-12hrs
Is it often fatal to take LSD? (1p)
Fatal toxicity is rare, but injury due to fatal impairment is possible
What are 9 symptoms of hallucinogen toxicity? (9p)
1. Dizziness
2. Weakness
3. Tremors
4. Altered perception of colour, shape, and time
5. Disorganized thought
6. Difficulty expressing thoughts
7. Depersonalization
8. Dream-like feelings
9. Hallucinations
What are the three primary stages of drug analysis and identification? (3p)
1. Visual inspection
2. Presumptive testing
3. Confirmatory test
What is observed during visual inspection of drugs? (3p)
Spae, colour, and markings (especially pharmaceuticals)
