DEH 103: Histology & Embryology
Chapter 1: Oral Histology and Embryology
Chapter 1: Oral Histology and Embryology
Kartei Details
| Karten | 79 |
|---|---|
| Sprache | English |
| Kategorie | Medizin |
| Stufe | Universität |
| Erstellt / Aktualisiert | 31.12.2013 / 31.12.2013 |
| Weblink |
https://card2brain.ch/box/deh_103_histology_embryology
|
| Einbinden |
<iframe src="https://card2brain.ch/box/deh_103_histology_embryology/embed" width="780" height="150" scrolling="no" frameborder="0"></iframe>
|
This is the study of structure and function of cells and thier tissues. It is stuided at a microscopic level.
Histology
Cells may vary in size, shape, and functions; but what do all cells have in common?
- Cytoplasm
- Nucleus
The cell nucleus is found in all cells except?
- Mature red blood cells
- Blood platelets
The nucleolus/nucleoli is located within the nucleus and (has / does not have) a limiting membrane.
Has
What is the function of the cell cytoplasm?
- Contains structures necessary for absorption and creation of cell products
- Site where most cellular activity occurs
What are the 3 components of the cell cytoplasm?
- Cytosol: fluid portion. Uses materials brought into the cell for energy and excretes waste products
- Organelles: metabolic mechinery for the cell
- Solutes: chemicals that may or may not be present depending on the cell type
What are the 4 membranous organelles?
- Mitochondria
- Lysosomes
- Endoplasmic reticulum
- Golgi apparatus
What are the 2 non-membranous organelles?
- Centioles
- Ribosomes
The endoplasmic reticulum is continuous with the nucleus. There are 2 types what are they and what is its function?
- Rough & Smooth
- It contains newly acquired and synthesized proteins
The rough ER is studded with ribosomes. What is its function?
- Ribosomes manufacture all proteins secreted from cells.
- The cell membrane is manufactured here
- Enzymes needed to catalyze lipid synthesis are located here
The smooth ER consist of tubules arranged in looping networks. What is its function?
- Plays NO role in protein synthesis
- Involved in lipid metabolism and cholesterol synthesis
- Synthesis of sex hormones
- Absorption, synthesis, and transportation of fats
- Detoxification of drugs, certain pesticides, and carcinogens
- Breakdown of stored glycogen to form free glucose
What is the function of a ribosome?
The translator of genetic codes from mRNA into proteins
The Golgi apparatus is attached to the ER. What is its function?
- Helps sort, condense, package, and deliver the proteins made by the ER
- Helps in digestive activity
A lysosome is a product of the _____. What does it contain and which cells have a lot of them?
- Golgi apparatus
- Contains digestive enzymes (acidic hydrolases)
- Phagocytes have the most of them
What is the function of lysosomes?
- Demolision crew
- Digest particles taken in (bacteria, viruses, toxins)
- Degrade worn-out or nonfunction cell parts
- Glycogen brakedown and release
- Break-down non-useful tissues (i.e. webbing between the toes and fingers of a developing fetus)
- Break-down and release calcium ions into the blood stream
This is the rupture of a lysosome that results in self-digestion of the cell.
Autolysis
The _____ is the energy generator for the cell. It produces most of the cells ATP.
Mitochondria
True/False:
The mitochondria have to be reproduced by the cells DNA/RNA. It cannot self-replicate.
False: It contains its own DNA/RNA and can self replicate
What is the function of microtubules?
Microtubules maintain cell shape (cytoskelton). They are composed of protein tubulin and participate in the movment of particles in the cell transport system
What is the fuction of centrioles?
They are composed of 9 triplets of microtubules and are an important part of mitosis of the cell. The cell could not replicate without them.
This is the extracellular material that surrounds the cells and provides a medium for dissolving, mixing, and transportin substances and carrying out chemical reactions (exchanges of gases and metabolic substances).
Interstitial fluid
This is the intercellular junction between cells.
Desmosome
Thi is the attachment of a cell to an adjecent non cellular surface. (i.e. gingival epithelium attachment to a tooth surface)
Hemidesmosome
Cell division (Mitosis) is the process of cell replication. What are the 5 phases of mitosis?
- Interphase
- Prophase
- Metaphase
- Anaphase
- Telophase
What Phase: Match the phase with its definition:
- interphase
- Prophase
- Metaphase
- Anaphase
- Telophase
A. Daughter chromosomes move to opposite poles with a full complement of 46
B. Chromosomes thicken into rod-like structures and split to form 2 chromatids that move to opposite ends.
C. Two seperate cells are created and cell returns to the resting phase.
D. Chromatids move to cell center at the equatorial plate of the nucleus where they split into 2 seperate chromosomes.
E. Occurs before mitosis begins (cell is at rest)
- Interphase: E
- Prophase: B
- Metaphase: D
- Anaphase: A
- Telophase: C
The cell cycle consists of _____ and _____. What are the cyles of each?
- Interphase and Mitosis
- Interphase: G0, G1, S, and G2
- Mitosis: prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase
This is the reduction of chromosomes to 1/2 the normal for fusion of male and female gamates.
Meiosis
What are the 3 periods of prenatal development?
- Proliferative period: 1-2 weeks
- Embryonic period: 3-8 weeks
- Fetal period: 9-40 weeks
This is the berry shaped cluster of 16 or more cells. It occurs 72 hours after fertilization.
Morula
The morula will secrete a fluid that pushes the cells to a periphery and create a _____. It is a fluid filled hollow sphere that consists of a single layer of cells called _____ and a cluster of cells called the ____.
- Blastocyst
- Trphoblasts
- Inner cell mass (embyroblasts)
The _____ take par in the placenta formation while the _____ give rise to the embryo.
- Trophoblasts cells
- Inner cell mass
Implantation of the blastocyst into the uterus begins at _____ days and is complete in _____ days.
- 6-7 days
- 11 days
What are the 5 processes of the embryonic period?
- Induction: action of one group of cells on another that leadsto the establisment of developmental pathways in responding tissue.
- Proliferation: controlled cellular growth and accumulation of by products.
- Differentiation: morphological differentiation of specialized cells to perform a specific function.
- Morphogenesis: development of specific tissue structure or shape
- Maturation: attainment of the correct form and function
What are the three layers of the 2 adjacent embryonic disk and what do they form?
- Ectodermal cells: epithlium, spinal cord, and brain (outside)
- Mesodermal cells: muscles, skeleton, and blood cells (middle)
- Endodermal: GI tract (inside)
When are developmental abnormalities least and most common?
- Least: proliferation period 1st 2-3 weeks (mitosis may compinsate)
- Most: 3-8th weeks (differentiation period tissues are developing into specific structures and organs)
What are the 4 classifications of tissues?
- Epithelial tissue: epidermis and dermis, differentiate into glands and teeth
- Connective tissue: support and nourishment
- Muscle tissue: movement and protection
- Nervous tissue: motor and sensory functions
This is the time it takes for the newly divided cells to be completely replaced throughout the tissue. This time differes for each of the basic tissues.
Turnover time
What are the functions of epithelial tissue?
- Covers and lines organs and body cavities
- Protection
- Absorption
- Digestion
- Secretion
- Sensory reception
- Transportation of materials
- Excretion
FYI: does not contain blood vessels therefore has to depend on the connective tissue below
What is the functions of the connective tissue?
- Support
- Attachment
- Packing insulation
- Storage
- Transport
- Repair and defense
FYI: the most abundant type of tissue in the body. Most common type of connective tissue cell is the fibroblast
Connective tissue develops from the ____ providing supporting connective tissues, bones, cartilage, tendons, and ligaments.
Somites
