Water Economics
Jaha
Jaha
Fichier Détails
| Cartes-fiches | 312 |
|---|---|
| Langue | English |
| Catégorie | Economie politique |
| Niveau | Université |
| Crée / Actualisé | 04.07.2025 / 04.07.2025 |
| Lien de web |
https://card2brain.ch/box/20250704_water_economics
|
| Intégrer |
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Few suitable locations, high installation costs, saltwater corrosion, expensive maintenance, and a small market.
150 to 800 TWh/year, potentially meeting 10% of the EU’s electricity by 2050.
Wave energy converters capture wave movement using devices like attenuators, point absorbers, and oscillating columns.
High installation and maintenance costs, ocean corrosion, and expensive underwater cables.
It could meet global electricity demand, but technology is immature and costly.
Growth of 33% per year to help reach net-zero emissions by 2050.
No, it is expensive now but costs should drop with scale-up.
Tidal: ~$0.11/kWh by early 2030s; Wave: ~$0.165/kWh by 2030.
Risks to fish, seabirds, mammals; underwater noise; electromagnetic fields attracting marine species; habitat changes from cables.
Electricity from wind turbines placed in the ocean.
Blade size, wind speed, air density, and turbine efficiency.
Building turbines in deep water and far from shore.
Fixed foundations (up to 60m deep), floating farms for deeper water.
Cheaper to install and less harmful to marine life.
Fast large-scale build-up, stronger winds, technological advances.
Dropped 48% from 2010 to 2020.
China, Germany, and the UK.
Turbines, maintenance, and electricity transmission.
34 GW installed by 2020, growing fast, mainly in China.
382 GW by 2030 and 2000+ GW by 2050.
Solar panels on platforms floating on water.
Freshwater lakes, reservoirs, and seawater (still developing).
Panel efficiency, sunlight, angle, and weather.
About $0.35/kWh now, expected to fall to $0.05 by 2030.
Yes, about 13% more efficient than land panels due to cooler temperatures.
Regions with water surfaces but limited land.
Over 20% growth expected yearly.
The lightest and most common element in the universe.
Colorless and odorless gas.
Usually combined with other elements, like in water (H2O).
It stores energy and is key for the clean energy transition.
Steam methane reforming or coal gasification; both emit large amounts of CO2.
Biomass gasification or biological processes; can compete with food and water resources.
Electricity splits water into hydrogen and oxygen, producing no direct CO2 emissions.
Hydrogen made from fossil fuels with carbon capture and storage to reduce emissions; controversial.
Renewable (green) hydrogen from electrolysis using renewable electricity to decarbonize industries.
Power supply, industrial feedstock, heat, mobility, storage, shipping, aviation, and chemical production.
Hydrogen can be converted into green ammonia or synthetic fuels for various industrial and transport uses.
Hydrogen demand is expected to grow strongly, especially in electricity, transport, and heavy industry. Nearly all will be low-carbon by 2050.
Producing 1 kg of hydrogen requires about 9 liters of water. Overall water use for hydrogen is very low compared to agriculture or fossil fuel industries.
