Sozialpsychologie - Vorurteile

• Original idea: cognitive constitency betweek stereotypes/ prejudice/ behaviour
• No evidence for stable attitudes that guide their behavior (aber verhalten von viel beeinflusst)

• Stereotype product of inherent limitations of our cognitve system -> adaptive, efficient categorization process
• Grouping of stimuli into features/ attributes/ functions to process (reduction of complexity)
• Automatic grouping into „us“ and „them“ -> race, gender, age -> basic/ primitve categories

• Efficiency/ Speed rather than accuracy
• Motivation: Genauigkeit, Einfachheit, Vorhersagbarkeit
• Aufrechterhaltung: few negative outcomes for inaccurate assessment, kein Feedback -> Meidung bei negativen Feedbacks
• But it doesnt include other factors (e.g. affect, motivation)

• Includes motivation & affective factor + cognitve ones
• Motivation depending on dynamic of context
• Matching perceivers needs, values, goals at that moment
• Sometimes accuracy, sometimes efficiency
• Subtyping möglich

• Kulturell: shared or community-wide patterns of beliefs
• Individuell: belief held by an individual about the characteristics of a group
• Importance difference: individual not necessarily cultural, assessing knowledge about cultural stereotypes doesn’t equal individual stereotypes, individual more directly related to thoughts/ feelings/ behaviour

• Individual difference instrument designed to relate to discriminatory responding based on group membership
• Including motivation, affect, behaviour
• indirect/ direct

• Verbal expression of prejudice required
• Based on assumption people are aware of their responses & willing to express

• Asses prejudice without requiring verbal expression

• To show different consequences of these varieties, can be applied to variety of racial/ ethnic groups
• Blatant: hot, close, direct, threat/rejection, intimacy
• Subtle: cool, distant, indirect, traditional values, cultural differences, positive emotions -> subtile Äußerungsformen

• Right wind authoritarianism
• Based on belief that a certain “type of men” is prone to prejudice
• Cluster of traits conducive to prejudice development (e.g. conventional/ traditional values, reverence to authority, willingness aggress against those thought to threaten those values)
• Weak/ moderate correlation to sdo, both personality variables but: authority-derived negativity toward perceived social deviants

(Normabweichung)

• Social dominance orientation
• Not directly about prejudice -> preference for making status distinctions between groups/ maintain social hierarchies that support valuing some groups more than others
• Legitimizing myths that justify social & economic inequities between groups
• Weak/ moderate correlation to RWA, both personality variables but: individual-derived negativity toward any low-status group
• generell gedacht: Hierarchie toll, egal dazu wo man steht (?)

(Hierarchien werden gewollt & gepflegt)

• affect triggered through stimuli -> easier activiation of similary evaluated objects -> harder to activate differently evaluated objects
• prime: picture (e.g. of poc) is shown for brief duration, followed by target (positive/negative) -> reaction time gives data

(target reiz, priming reiz etc)

• basis: response latencies to stimuli to find associations in memories -> tests association in memory instead of affects like priming
• forcing participnats to classify yfour categories of stimuli using only two response keys (basically the test I did)
• response to category not to individuals

• MCPR -> concern for acting prejudice, restraint to avoid dispute
• IMS / EMS -> motivation to not be prejudiced for personal, self-derived reasons / external antiprejudice social norms (high IMS higher sucess), (ems suprinsingly report higher levels of prejudice in direct measures)

• Langzeitgedächthnis assoziationen (e.g. zwischen kategorien & wertung) -> sponates Verhalten
• Aber mit hoher kontrollmotivation/ kontrollfähigkeit ist Urteilsbildung nicht spontan/ unbewusst sondern Kontext/ Normen/ Ziele -> reflektiertes Verhalten

• Theories of social cognition instead of just prejudice
• Emphasize role of spontaneous & uncontrollable cognitive processes
• Solution for social desirability answers

• Indirekte: similar finding patterns between priming & IAT measures in seperate experiments (similar processes?), most indirect measures dont really correlate tho (sometimes even opposing)
• Direct & indirect: non-existent to weak correlation, correlation dependent on topic

• Human mind is not a blank slate
• Menschen mit bestimmten Potential geboren -> menschliche Natur
• Verhalten/ Denkmuster als Grundlage Selektion

• Mehrere module des Denkens für bestimmte Aufgaben
• Regulation von Gedanken, Gefühlen, Verhalten

environment or evolutionary adaptedness

• Challanges & conditions faced by early humans
• Kein spezifischer Zeitpunkt -> Umstände als spezif. Adaptionen auftraten

• Manche Adaptionen sind nicht mehr aktuell -> veralte Module
• Süßes/ fettiges Essen besser in Zeiten in denen das sehr selten war
• By-products of adaptations -> connected but no function

• Kategorisierung nach Alter & Geschlecht da Cues für Reproduktionsfähigkeit
• Besonders achtsam auf cues die Gruppenrollen vermitteln
• Kategorisierung nach Herkunft da Cues für Social Contexts/ Alliances etc. find sub groups to manage tasks
  • „Alliance detection system“ brain-based information processing system that permitted early humans to detect & track alliances by taking note of behavioural patterns/ other cues
  • Fluid, responsive -> socially formed but with evolutionary twist -> chronic exposure to indications of inequality this becomes a marker of difference/ new meaning
  • Nicht unbedingt Herkunft sehen, sondern dass was für sozialen Kontext wichtig ist -> reduzierung rassismus durch Änderung sozialer Konditionen möglich

• Individuals who differed in skin tone engage in discussion
• By providing coalitional info skin tone is ignored for categorization
• Only skin tone if no coalitional info

• Categorization by coalition, not skin color per se

• Mechanisms that served to protect people from danger -> viligant in detecting/ avoiding source of threat -> other people/ situations may contain risk
• „outsider status“ = risk (aus Zeit mit kleinen Gruppen)
• Andere Gruppen Risiko-Einschätzung durch Variablen beeinflusst -> Situativer Kontext (e.g. Dunkelheit, Anwesenheit Kind, Alter, Geschlecht)

• People seen as a threat  -> taking resources, failing to pull weight, illness -> avoidance
• Menschen die empfindlicher sind/ höheres Risiko haben krank zu sein sind cues gegenüber sensibler
• Triggered by physical alterations that are linked with illness (altersflecken ähneln infektionssymptomen)
• Andere Variablen: Kultur, Stereotype, Verletzlichkeit, Hunger
• (e.g. low income, disabilities, chronis illness, psychological disorders, homeless, elderly, obese, queer)

• Konsequenz niedriger: jemanden meiden besser als doch in gefährliche Situation zu kommen -> better safe than sorry

• Short Cuts
• Social Identity Theory (Selbstwertsteigerung)
• Navigieren durch Welt (e.g. Verhalten von anderen Vorhersagen) -> eigenes Verhalten effizient lenken
• System Rechtfertigung / Legitimation gesell. Verhältnisse
• Informationssuche/ selektive Exposition/ Confirmation Bias (suchen Informationen, die bestätigen)

• Fluency: expectancies, other knowledge structures are adequately explaining ongoing events
• Dysfluency: alersts possibility current knowledge may be inadequate
• Exposre to disconfirming information provokes greater attention

entscheiden, ob mehr Aufmerksamkeit bestätigende / widersprüchliche Information

• Motivational moderators (affectively charged motives & goals, feelings, prejudice)

• Cognitive process moderators (directly influence extent & nature of ongoing information processing, not directly motivational)
• Cognitive representation moderators (individual variability in held stereotypes, differences in the natore of targets of stereotyping)

• People prefer to learn about confirmers (people who fit stereotype) (=> tendecy to avoid cognitive conflict)
• Bias reduced if vpn. Encouraged to be accurate / sensitized to impression management concerns / expect future interactions / told they have to justify neg. impressions to subsequent audience
• Bias toward disconfirmation among individuals with low levels of prejudice (=> balanced information-seekingn strategy or bias toward disconfirmation possible)

• Promoting interpersonal stereotype maintenance  
• confirming -> abstract (stable over time, internal factor)
• disconfirming -> concrete (situation specific, external factor)

• Stronger stereotypes attend more carefully to confirming than disconfirming information on dot-probe task
• People in position of power attentional bias toward sereotype-congruen information (probably less concern to perceive accuaretly)
• Entity theorey of malleability of human character -> attentional bias favoring stereotype-confirming information -> becomes stronger with rising disconfirming information (<= seek stable/ trait-like impressions of other, favor info. That enhances perceived stability of behavior)
• Higher levels of prejudice = increased attention toward disconfirming information -> attention to explain disconfirming information away
• EFM: under cognitive focus on stereotype-inconsistent information (because it offers new information) (only if motivation to percieve accurately)