Lernkartei Cognitive Psychology (Seite 3 von 3)

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Which of the following best describes the central executive in the context of baddeley and hitch's model of working memory?

It is responsible for coordinating and allocating resources between the phonological loop and the visuospatial sketchpad

It is the primary site for the encoding and retrieval of long term memory

It stores Information temporarily before it is either discarded or transferred to long term memory

It focuses on processing emotional content and arousal level in memory

What is the role of the hippocampus in memory processing?

It is crucial for sensory memory but not for short term or long term memory

It is primarily involved in the retrieval of long term memory

It is involved in the consolidation of short term memory into long term memory

It is responsible for storing sensory information for extended periods.

According to the research by baddeley and hitch 1974 on working memory which of the following experimental results provides strong evidence for the existence of separate subsystems within working memory?

The findings that visual tasks do not interfere with verbal tasks when performed simultaneously

The observation that individuals can simultaneously perform a verbal rehearsal task and a spatial navigation task without significant interference

The observation that individuals can store visual and auditory information in a single store as shown by the phonological similarity effect

The finding that the digit span and word span tasks show the same pattern of performance across individuals

The existence of sensory memory as a distinct form of memory is supported by the phenomenon known as "the partial report paradigm". Which of the following findings from Sperlings (1960) Experiment provides direct evidence for sensory memory?

Participants could recall only about 4-5 letters from brief array even with full report instructions.

Participants could report almost all of the letters from a briefly presented array if asked to recall only a specific row immediately after the presentation

The recall of a full array improved when a distractor task was introduced immediately after the array

The number of letters recalled decreased as the duration between the presentation and recall increased.

Which of the following is a primary criticism of the atkinson and shiffrin (1968) multi store model of memory specifically regarding the assumption that short term memory (STM) and long term memory (LTM) are separate, linear stores?

It underestimates the role of working memory in the manipulation of information

It fails to account for the role of the prefrontal cortex in the encoding of long term memories

It does not adequately explain the interaction between STM and LTM in tasks requiring retrieval and manipulation of stored information

It suggests that sensory memory is unnecessary for encoding information into LTM.

In research on sensory memory, the phenomenon of "echoic memory" refers to the auditory sensory memory. Which of the following experimental results best supports the idea of echoic memory's duration being longer than iconic memory?

Participants can report auditory information more accurately after a brief delay than visual information

Participants can repeat words or sentences immediately after hearing them, but cannot do so after a long decay.

Participants can remember auditory stimuli for 3-4 seconds after the sound has stopped whereas visual stimuli fade within a fraction of a second

Participants show better recall of visually presented words than of spoken words in a recognition task

In a study examining the neural correlates of short term memory (STM) a disruption to the prefrontal cortex (PCF) would most likely impair which of the following tasks?

Recalling a list of words from long term memory

Recalling a sequence of digits from short term memory

Visualising an image of an object in working memory

Encoding auditory information into sensory memory

Research on the phonological similarity effect has shown that people have difficulty recalling sequences of words that are phonologically similar (e.g. cat, bat, rat). Which of the following experimental findings best supports the explanation for this effect within the framework of working memory?

Greater interference occurs when the items are presented in the same modality (auditory vs visual)

The effect is stronger when words are presented visually than when presented auditory

Phonologically similar words are more likely to be confused because they are encoded in the same phonological store

Phonologically similar words are less likely to be rehearsed effectively because they are processed in different areas of the brain.

Which of the following best illustrates the role of attention in the encoding of memory?

Participants recall details of a complex scene only when they focus attention on specific objects within the scene, suggesting that unattended details are not encoded into memory

Individuals with damage to the hippocampus can still form new long term memories but their ability to attend to new stimuli is impaired

Perceptual features of an object are processed in parallel by attention and memory systems, meaning they are automatically encoded into long term memory without conscious effort

The stroop effect demonstrates that attention is irrelevant to encoding information, as automatic responses (like reading) can lead to formation of unintended memories.

How does the phenomenon of inattentional blindness (e.g. the "gorilla video" experiment by Simon's and Chabris) illustrate the relationship between attention, perception and memory?

Inattentional blindness suggests that memory is a passive process that operates without the need for attention, meaning people can recall things they were not focusing on

It demonstrates that attention is a limited resource ; if attention is focused elsewhere, perception and memory encoding of other stimuli (e.g. the gorilla) are severely impaired.

It highlights that memory is primarily driven by perceptual processes and that attention has no significant effect on memory recall.

The phenomenon of inattentional blindness shows that attention is irrelevant to perception, and any stimuli we perceive are encoded into memory automatically

The inattentional blink effect refers to the inability to perceive a second stimulus shortly after the first. How does this phenomenon illustrate the relationship between attention, perception and memory?

It shows that the second stimulus is always perceived, but it is often forgotten due to the disruption in memory consolidation

The effect indicates that perception of the second stimulus is impaired because the attentional resources are still occupied with processing the first stimulus, preventing it from entering working memory

It provides evidence that memory is independent of attention and perception, suggesting that information can be encoded into long term memory even without attentional resources

The effect demonstrates that attention increases the perceptual accuracy of the second stimulus, allowing it to be remembered even when presented in a rapid sequence.

According to the dual task paradigm, which of the following most clearly demonstrates the relationship between attention, perception and memory?

Participants who perform two tasks simultaneously (e.g. reading a passage while listening to a speech) show increased memory recall for the passage due to divided attention

People can successfully perform two unrelated tasks (e.g. visual tracking and verbal rehearsal) without impairing memory for either, suggesting that attention is equally distributed

Performance on a memory task (e.g. recalling a list of words) is significantly impaired when an individual must attend to a secondary task, suggesting that attention is needed for encoding and retrieving memories.

Dividing attention between two perceptual tasks (e.g. visual and auditory) leads to improved encoding in memory due to enhanced processing from different sensory modalities

Which of the following findings about the cocktail party effect best explains the interaction between attention, perception and memory?

People can perceive and remember only the conservations they focus on, demonstrating the role of selective attention in memory encoding

People can hear their name mentioned in a background conversation even when not attending to it, suggesting that some perceptual information is processed even without attention, but it is not necessarily encoded into memory

The cocktail party effect shows that attention is irrelevant to memory, as people can remember details of conversations they were not focusing on

People are able to remember eves conversation they overhear, regardless of their attention focus, due to the automatic encoding of auditory information

Which of the following best supports the concepts of prototype theory in categorisation?

Participating categories a dog as a member of the animal category quickly than an octopus despite both being animals because the dog is a more typical example

Individuals with damage to the left temporal lobe demonstrate impaired categorisation for items that are closer to the prototype but better categorisation for more atypical items

Categorisation decisions are based on a rule based approach where items are compared to a rigid set of criteria for each category not based on similarity to a prototype

Categories are organized based on feature overlap with no central or typical exemplar representing the category

Which of the following findings best supports exemplar theory over prototype theory in categorisation?

People can accurately categorise objects even when they have never encountered them before, suggesting that categories are based on abstract prototypes

Individuals rely on a mental representation of specific examples they have encountered and categorise new objects by comparing them to these stores exemplars

Categories are organized by a central prototype and each object is compared to that prototype resulting in easier categorisation of more typical objects

Categorisation decisions are influenced by broad general rules rather than specific examples from experience .

In the context of semantic networks, which of the following best reflects the cognitive economy principle?

Information is stored in a way that minimizes redundancies by sharing properties among related concepts such as canary inheriting bird properties (e.g, can fly) from the category bird

Semantic memory organizes information according to frequency of use, meaning more frequently accessed nodes are prioritised in memory

Concepts are organized hierarchically and properties are stored at the most specific level of the hierarchy

Each concept is associated with all possible properties independently of its relation to other concepts leading to extensive redundancy in memory

Which of the following is a key feature of connectionist model (also known as parallel distributed processing models) of knowledge representation?

Concepts are represented as hierarchical structures with each concept linked to specific properties through direct, explicit connections

Knowledge is stored in a distributed manner across a network of interconnected nodes, where activation spreads through the network in parallel

Memory is organized into strict layers with sensory inputs processing separately from cognitive processes

Learning occurs in a serial, step by step manner, where knowledge is acquired through conscious rule based knowledge

Which of the following experimental results provides evidence for the spreading activation theory of semnatic networks?

Participants are more likely to recognise the word doctor faster if they have just read the word nurse suggesting that activation of related concepts facilitates the processing of other concepts

People are able to recall semantically related words in a free recall task, suggesting that memory is more accurate when words are distinct.

Activation of a concept leads to the retrieval of all associated concepts regardless of their relevance to the current task suggesting a node based retrieval system

The speed of recognising a word decreases as the semantic distance between the word and the context descreases providing evidence for a strict heriarchical structure in the semantic network

Which of the following is a major criticism of Collins and quilians semantic network model of knowledge representation?

They fail to account for typicality effect.

The Modell suggests that properties are shared universally by all category members which makes it difficult to account for the fine grained distinctions that people make when categorising complex concepts.

They suggest that all memory retrieval is slow and eventful due to the hierarchical nature of the network

They focus too much on the influence of individual differences in memory performances rather than generalisable cognitive processes.

Which of the following best describes the relationship between visual perception and visual imagery?

Visual imagery relies solely on the same neural pathways as visual perception, meaning the two processes are indistinguishable.

Visual imagery involves a subset of the neural networks engaged during visual perception but can be dissociated behaviorally and neurologically.

Visual perception and visual imagery are two entirely separate systems with no overlap in the neural substrates.

Visual perception activates the visual cortex, while visual imagery activates the auditory cortex.

Which brain region is primarily involved in the generation of visual imagery and is also involved in visual perception?

Broca’s area

The occipital lobe (particularly the visual cortex)

The amygdala

The auditory cortex

In a study involving patients with brain lesions, patient A has damage to the occipital lobe and is unable to generate visual imagery, whereas patient B has damage to the parietal lobe and cannot accurately perceive visual stimuli. This pattern of results demonstrates:

A single dissociation between perception and imagery.

A double dissociation between perception and imagery.

A relationship in which visual perception depends entirely on visual imagery.

A failure of the brain to process visual stimuli in both perception and imagery.

Which of the following findings best supports the idea that perception and imagery are related but distinct processes?

Visual imagery and visual perception both show similar time courses when subjects perform corresponding tasks.

When subjects are asked to “zoom in” on an imagined object, this takes longer than when they perceive the object in the real world, suggesting a distinct system for imagery.

Both perception and imagery activate only the occipital cortex, without engaging other regions of the brain.

Imagery tasks always show greater activation in the ventral stream than perception tasks.

Research on the neural substrates of visual imagery and perception suggests that:

Both perception and imagery recruit the same brain regions, with no significant differences in neural activation patterns.

Perception involves a greater role of the ventral stream (object recognition), while imagery engages the dorsal stream (spatial processing) more.

Perception is mainly associated with the dorsal stream, while imagery mainly involves the ventral stream.

Perception and imagery are both primarily associated with the prefrontal cortex, with minimal involvement of the occipital lobe.

A patient with a parietal lesion is asked to imagine walking through a familiar environment and describing the objects they encounter. The patient reports significant difficulty but can accurately identify objects when perceiving them in real life. This dissociation suggests that:

The parietal lobe is crucial for both perception and imagery of spatial information.

Visual imagery is only dependent on the occipital lobe, not the parietal lobe.

The patient’s difficulty lies in processing visual stimuli, not spatial information.

Spatial imagery relies on both the occipital and parietal lobes, but the occipital lobe is sufficient for object identification in perception.

In an fMRI study comparing visual imagery to visual perception, which of the following patterns is most commonly observed?

Both visual imagery and perception show identical activation in the occipital cortex, with no differences in other regions.

Visual imagery activates additional frontal regions that are not as active during perception.

Only the parietal cortex is engaged during visual imagery, while the occipital cortex is only active during perception.

Visual perception activates the occipital cortex, while visual imagery activates the temporal cortex.

In the context of mental rotation tasks (where participants imagine rotating objects in their mind), which of the following statements is true?

The mental rotation of objects relies exclusively on imagery without any overlap with perceptual processes.

Performance in mental rotation tasks is significantly faster when objects are perceived directly than when they are imagined, indicating the same neural mechanisms for both processes.

Mental rotation tasks do not involve the parietal cortex, which is crucial for both perception and imagery.

The response time in mental rotation tasks is the same whether participants are imagining objects or physically rotating them, suggesting no perceptual involvement.

Which of the following statements best describes the relationship between visual imagery and working memory?

Visual imagery is a component of working memory specifically involved in the maintenance of spatial information.

Visual imagery is unrelated to working memory and involves different cognitive systems entirely.

Working memory exclusively involves verbal information, while visual imagery involves only spatial information.

Working memory and visual imagery are two distinct processes with no overlap in neural substrates.

Which of the following statements is true about the cognitive load involved in visual imagery and working memory?

Both visual imagery and working memory involve passive processing of information with no active manipulation required.

Working memory requires active manipulation of information, while visual imagery involves only the storage of visual images without manipulation.

Visual imagery tasks are typically more demanding than working memory tasks because they involve sensory input.

Visual imagery and working memory both involve active manipulation of information, but visual imagery often takes longer due to the lack of sensory input.

Which of the following is the primary difference between visual perception, working memory, and visual imagery?

Visual perception involves the real-time processing of sensory information, while working memory stores that information temporarily, and visual imagery involves mental simulation without sensory input.

Visual imagery relies on sensory feedback, while perception and working memory do not.

Visual perception and visual imagery are controlled by the same neural mechanisms, while working memory relies exclusively on the auditory cortex.

Working memory involves passive maintenance of information, while perception and imagery involve active manipulation of information.

Which of the following best describes how visual imagery and working memory interact when processing spatial information?

Visual imagery relies entirely on the phonological loop of working memory for processing spatial information.

Spatial information in working memory is processed using the visuospatial sketchpad, which is also involved in visual imagery.

The central executive of working memory processes both spatial and visual information equally.

Visual imagery and spatial working memory are processed in different regions of the brain with no overlap.

Which of the following best distinguishes visual imagery from perception in terms of cognitive processing?

Visual imagery is based on real-time sensory input, while perception involves mentally simulated representations of visual stimuli.

Perception and visual imagery are identical processes, involving the same neural pathways and cognitive resources

Visual imagery involves the retrieval of stored mental representations of visual stimuli, whereas perception is based on sensory feedback and direct environmental interaction.

Perception is influenced by top-down processing, while visual imagery is driven exclusively by bottom-up processing.

Which of the following best explains how attention influences visual imagery tasks?

Attention automatically enhances the clarity and detail of visual images in the mind, without requiring conscious effort.

Attention is not involved in visual imagery since the mind operates subconsciously when creating and maintaining mental images.

Attention modulates the quality and focus of visual imagery, influencing the vividness and detail of the mental image.

Visual imagery is independent of attention and operates using a separate cognitive system from other attentional processes.

Which of the following best differentiates how attention operates in perception compared to visual imagery?

In perception, attention is driven by bottom-up processes, while in visual imagery, attention is controlled voluntarily to enhance or focus on certain features of the image.

Attention is only required in perception to guide sensory input, while visual imagery automatically attends to the most relevant features of an imagined scene.

Attention plays no role in visual imagery but is crucial in perception for selecting and filtering sensory information.

Attention in visual imagery and perception operates in the same manner, with both systems automatically focusing on the most important information.

Cognitive Psychology

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