Set of flashcards Cognitive Psychology (Page 1 of 3)

Flashcards	114
Language	Deutsch
Category	Psychology
Level	University
Created / Updated	28.12.2024 / 31.12.2024
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How did Donders (1868) accomplish that the mind is measurable?

He measured the simple reaction time of a task and also the choice reaction time. Therefore he could determine with the subtractive logic, how long it took to make a decision.

What did Hermann Ebbinghaus (1855/1913) revealed in his self- experiments?

He learnt lists of 13 nonsense syllables, and counted the numbers of attempts to recall list correctly after different intervals of time. He wanted to examine the course of forgetting= memory drops within first two days. Memory could be quantified.

The “cognitive revolution” occurred parallel to (and, in part, because of) the introduction of...

William James’ famous textbook.

analytic introspection.

Skinner boxes.

computers.

books.

The fact that we usually have a harder time perceiving colour in the periphery is due
to…

the centre–surround organization of ganglion cells.

the small number of cones in the periphery.

the blind spot.

differences between simple and complex cells.

ganglion cells.

The difference between simple and complex cells in striate cortex is that...

the receptive field of simple cells is clearly divided into excitatory and inhibitory regions.

simple cells only respond to edges, complex cells to stripes of light.

complex cells respond to higher-level stimuli such as faces or places.

simple cells respond best to dots of light, complex cells to lines of different orientations.

Perception is always an interplay of bottom-up and top-down processing, and it is never an exact copy of the world!

The difference between simple and complex cells in striate cortex is that...

the receptive field of simple cells is clearly divided into excitatory and inhibitory regions.

simple cells only respond to edges, complex cells to stripes of light.

complex cells respond to higher-level stimuli such as faces or places.

simple cells respond best to dots of light, complex cells to lines of different orientations.

Perception is always an interplay of bottom-up and top-down processing, and it is never an exact copy of the world!

Damage to the temporal cortex would likely cause...

difficulties understanding an object’s position in space and reaching for it.

impairments in low-level vision (detecting lines and edges).

damage to specific visual field regions.

difficulties identifying objects.

Which mechanism can account for the existence of negative afterimages?

Firing rate of end-stopped cells

Selective adaptation

Mental chronometry

None of the above

According to the Young-Helmholtz theory, colour perception is based on...

trichromacy.

opponent colours.

colour contrast.

tritanomaly.

Broadbent’s (1958) filter model of attention and Treisman’ (1964) attenuation model are both...

early-selection models.

based on dichotic listening experiments.

models of selective attention.

correctly described by answers a, b and c.

None of the above.

By definition, overt attention includes ________ whereas covert attention does not.

exogenous cues

eye movements

endogenous cues

an attentional spotlight

Conjunction searches are less efficient than feature searches because they require...

covert attention.

syntactic guidance.

feature binding.

semantic guidance.

Testing the duration of short-term memory in multi-trial studies is difficult due to...

the word length effect.

proactive interference.

retroactive interference.

delayed partial report.

Which of the following is a limitation of analytic introspection?

It is subjective and relies on self-report, which may not be reliable

It is not based on conscious experiences

It emphasizes unconscious processes

It requires the use of highly specialised equipment

Which of the following best describes the method of analytic introspection?

A technique where participants focus on their behavioural responses to stimuli

The process of observing and describing one’s own conscious experiences in response to stimuli

A method of gathering data through objective measurements

A technique used to study the unconscious mind.

Which of the following was a major factor that contributed to the decline of behaviourism and the rise of cognitive psychology in the 1950s?

The failure of behaviourism to explain complex behaviours like language acquisition

The success of introspection in explaining mental processes

The increased focus on unconscious processes by Freudian psychology

The development of psychoanalysis as the dominant paradigm

What was the significance of the "cognitive map" concept, as proposed by Edward Tolman, in challenging behaviourist views?

It suggested that behavior could be understood solely through reinforcement history

It proposed that humans possess a mental representation of the spatial layout of their environment, demonstrating that behaviour is guided by mental processes.

It supported the view that learning is entirely unconscious

It claimed that all learning could be explained through classical conditioning

How does the mind create representations of the external world?

By passively receiving sensory information and storing it unchanged in memory

By actively constructing mental models or cognitive maps based on sensory input, prior knowledge and expectations

By relying solely on visual perception to create an accurate representation of the world

By associating sensory input with automatic behavioural responses, without need for conscious representation

Which area of the brain is primarily responsible for processing visual information?

Brocaś area

Wernickeś area

Occipital lobe (specifically the primary visual cortex)

Temporal lobe

If you were to apply TMS (transcranial magnetic stimulation) to the primary visual cortex (V1), which of the following is most likely to occur?

Temporary blindness or impaired visual perception

Difficulty producing speech

Disruption in the ability to recognise faces

Impairment in motor coordination

Which brain region is involved in higher order visual processing such as object recognition and face perception?

Prefrontal cortex

Fusiform face are (FFA)

Parietal lobe

Motor cortex

If TMS is applied to the parietal lobe in the context of visual processing which ability would likely be disrupted?

Recognising faces

Visual attention and spatial awareness

Color discrimination

The ability to perceive motion

Which visual processing stream is primarily responsible for motion detection?

The ventral stream

The dorsal stream

The occipital stream

The prefrontal stream

How can behavioural studies help us infer brain function?

By directly observing neural activity during complex cognitive tasks

By associating specific behavioural changes with damage to particular brain areas

By isolating brain activity in a controlled environment using animal models only

By measuring the electrical output of the entire brain at once without any external stimuli

What is the primary limitation of using lesion studies (i. e. Brain damage) to draw conclusion about brain function?

The cannot be conducted on human participants

They do not provide information about how brain areas communicate with each other

The always lead to irreversible behavioural changes

They are based on controlled experiments with very specific stimuli

How can the "double dissociation" method in behavioural studies help us infer the functions of different brain areas?

By comparing the brain activity of two groups performing the same task

By identifying two independent brain functions that can each be selectively disrupted by damage to different brain areas

By observing the brains response to natural stimuli

By comparing brain activity during simple and complex tasks

Which of the following is a limitation of behavioural studies in inferring precise brain function?

The can only be conducted in laboratory settings

They cannot account for the brainś plasticity and compensatory mechanisms

They are not useful for studying cognitive processes

They rely solely on subjective self reports

What type of behavioural study provides evidence for the role of the prefrontal cortex in decision making?

Comparing response times in tasks that require attention and concentration

Studying individuals with damage to the prefrontal cortex and observing changes in executive function, such as planning and decision making

Using neuroimaging techniques to observe brain activity during non-decisional tasks

Measuring heart rate variability during stressful situations

When do ON-centre ganglion cells fire the most strongest response?

When there is more light on surround

The less light is on the centre

Light is distributed equally

A small dot of light surrounded by darkness

Which applies to perception?

The process of recognizing, organizing, and interpreting information from senses

exact copy of the world

Solely based on past experiences and expectations

Either depends on top down or bottom up processing

What is known as internal noise?

Parts of an image that are not signal

A stimulus or object that you are trying to detect

Even in complete silence/ dark/ stillness, neurons will fire spontaneously

There is no signal, but you decide there is a signal

Why is the signal detection theory helpful?

Because it helps change your sensitivity

It permits us to simulate changes in the perceiver (e.g., internal noise or biases in criterion) in order to better understand perceptual performance

It prevents the criterion shift

A stimulus or object with low prevalence is not missed much more often than objects that are more likely to occur

What does the Thatcher illusion not conclude?

Face recognition is based on holistic processing of configuration of parts

Difficulty detecting local changes in faces when face is presented upside down

We only process individual parts, not configurations

difficulties understanding an object’s position in space and reaching for it.

What happens if the trichromatic vision is damaged?

Anomalies of one or more cone types cause different forms of “colour blindness”, Anomaly or absence of cone types causes colour vision deficiency.

- Monochromacy: No or only one type of cones (truly colorblind, rare)
- Dichromacy: Absence of one cone type (so: two cone types)
- Anomalous trichromacy: Two cone types respond to similar wavelengths (gene defect affecting opsins) (so: two cone types)
- Tetrachromacy: Having four different cone pigments (in women only, rare)

Which of the following best describes hemispatial neglect?

The inability to focus attention on a specific object in the visual field

A cognitive condition where individuals fail to attend to one side of space typically the left side, despite having intact sensory and motor abilities

The inability to process visual information in the central field of view

A disorder where individuals fail to recognise the identity of objects they see

Hemispatial neglect is most commonly associated with damage to which part of the brain?

Temporal lobe

Occipital lobe

Parietal lobe

Frontal lobe

According to broadbents early selection model of attention, which of the following best describes how unattended information is processed?

Unattended information is filtered out at an early stage before reaching sensory memory

Unattended information is processed at a late stage and can influence perception

All incoming stimuli are processed simultaneously regardless of attention

Unattended information is automatically processed and can affect conscious perception

What is the main difference between covert and overt attention?

Covert attention involves shifting eye gaze while overt attention does not

Overt attention involves the conscious allocation of cognitive resources while covert attention does not

Covert attention occurs without moving the eyes, whereas overt attention involves shifting the gaze towards a target

Overt attention is associated with greater cognitive load than covert attention.

Selective attention refers to the ability to:

Process multiple pieces of information at once without any reduction in accuracy.

Focus on one task or stimulus while ignoring others

Divide cognitive resources equally between multiple tasks

React quickly to stimuli in the environment without conscious thought.

Which of the following best describes divided attention?

The ability to focus exclusively on one task and block out all other stimuli

The process of allocating limited cognitive resources to perform two or more tasks simultaneously

The ability to monitor the environment for unexpected stimuli while focusing on a task

The act of focusing on one particular aspect of a stimulus while ignoring others.

Cognitive Psychology

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