QMR

An ethnography is an immersive, long-term study of social or cultural groups that observes behaviors, beliefs, and practices, taking place in a natural context.

Field research collects data through direct observation and interaction, conducted in participants' natural environments to study social phenomena in real-life settings.

Qualitative research focuses on subjective experiences and meanings, while quantitative research focuses on objective (numerical) data.

Qualitative research collects data through non-standardized methods such as interviews and observations, while quantitative research collects data through standardized methods like financial reports and surveys.

Qualitative research uses non-numerical, coding-based techniques (e.g., case studies) and follows inductive or abductive reasoning, while quantitative research uses statistical techniques (e.g., regression analysis) and follows deductive reasoning.

Qualitative research aims to explore complex social phenomena and build theory, while quantitative research focuses on studying large populations, testing hypotheses, and making generalizations.

Induction is a method of reasoning that starts with specific observations and generalizes them to arrive at broader conclusions, moving from the particular to the general.

Deduction is a method of reasoning that starts with general principles and uses them to arrive at a specific conclusion, moving from the general to the particular.

Ontology studies existence, being, and reality. It groups entities into categories and examines their fundamental existence, often referred to as the "science of being."

Quantitative research assumes a single objective world, while qualitative research assumes multiple subjectively derived realities that co-exist. This reflects different realities, the nature of being, and existence for researchers.

Epistemology studies knowledge, its nature, origin, and scope. It examines justification, belief rationality, and related issues.

Quantitative researchers assume their independence from variables under study, while qualitative researchers assume they must interact with the studied phenomena. This results in different roles for researchers and distinct stances on the nature of knowledge and how things can be "known".

Axiology is the study of values, their nature, and classification. It explores what has value and how it is evaluated, and is linked to ethics, aesthetics, and philosophy of religion.

Quantitative researchers assume they act in a value-free and "unbiased" manner, while qualitative researchers assume they act in a value-laden manner, acknowledging their bias. This reflects different approaches regarding values and aesthetics.

Rhetoric is the art of persuasive communication in writing or speech. It studies how to create messages to persuade, inform, or inspire, and is considered a core subject alongside logic and grammar.

Quantitative researchers use impersonal, formal, rule-based language, while qualitative researchers use personalized, interpretive, and context-based language. This reflects different language styles adopted by researchers.

Methodology is the systematic analysis of methods in a field of study, including concepts, procedures, and techniques for handling data. It is used in sciences, social sciences, arts, and humanities.

Quantitative researchers apply deduction, limited cause-effect relationships, context-free methods, and are more rule-driven, while qualitative researchers apply induction/abduction, multi-process relationships, context-specific methods, and are more flexible. This leads to different research processes on how knowledge can be known.

Common myths include: Qualitative must be inductive, theory-building, subjective, and non-positivist, while Quantitative must be deductive, theory-testing, objective, and positivist. Additionally, it's often believed one must do either qualitative or quantitative research, which is not necessarily true.

Skills required for qualitative research include seeing, hearing, writing, conceptualizing, synthesizing, thinking critically, putting things together, and communicating.

The three popular methods for qualitative research are the Gioia-Method, Eisenhardt-Method, and Langley-Method.

The Gioia method is a systematic approach to grounded theory that uses inductive and abductive concept development. It ensures rigor in research conduct and presentation, making conclusions plausible and defensible. It includes 1st-order analysis with informant-centric terms and codes, and 2nd-order analysis using researcher-centric concepts.

The purpose of the research method by Gioia is to generate original, useful, and forward-thinking work.

The key concepts by Gioia are general, less-specified ideas that describe or explain a phenomenon and capture qualities of theoretical interest. They serve as precursors to constructs.

The key constructs by Gioia are abstract theoretical ideas about phenomena of interest. They can be measured or operationalized and define a domain of attributes.

The key plan by Gioia involves discovering concepts, creating constructs, and validating those constructs.

The key process by Gioia focuses on how organizational members construct and understand their experiences. It emphasizes how things happen, not just the frequency, and studying these processes helps understand how organizations function.

The general research question by Gioia is: "How might we discover and develop concepts that capture the phenomena of organizing and organization?"

The roles in the Gioia method include informants/practitioners and researchers.

The roles in the Gioia method include informants/practitioners and researchers.

Informants in the Gioia method are living and experiencing the real world. They are knowledgeable agents, often interviewees, who know what they are trying to do and can explain their thoughts, intentions, and actions.

Researchers in the Gioia method serve two roles: as glorified reporters, they investigate the real world, report on informants' experiences, and give voice to informants. As theorists, they identify patterns in data, discover relevant concepts for theory building, and create, formulate, and validate constructs.

The key issue in the Gioia method is how to enact assumptions that stay true to informants' experiences, balancing the capture of real experiences with meeting scientific criteria, while presenting evidence systematically and respecting informants' perspectives.

Gioia's research uses multiple data sources, such as archives, field observations, media documentation, and semi-structured interviews.