Linguistics

- stressed syllables occur at relatively equal intervals of time (isochrony)

- after a stressed syllable a number of unstressed syllable follow 

- in unstressed syllables, th evowles are reduced or even omitted-> this results in weak forms commonly in funtion words

- occurs in rapid spoken languages, they typically faciliate speech production 

assimilation:process by which neighbouring sounds become more similar to each other with regard to one or more articulatory features

partial assimilation-> ten mice-tem mais

total assimilation-> handbag-haemabaeg

elision: omission of unstressed sounds, e.g. `bout, fam´ly

liasion: the connecttion of words in speech. When one word ends in a vowel and the other begins with a vowel , a sound which is not pronounced when the words are used in isolation may be added to faciliate speech production,  e.g. linking r: car-> car/ but the car is -> kariz

intrusion: the insertion of a sound which is not originally part of the word

- the study of the ways in which words are constructed out of smaller units which have a meaning or a grammatical function 

- building blocks of words

- smallest linguistic units which have a meaning or grammatical function

- abstract units, which are realised by morphs 

- represented by { }

consisting of one morpheme

content words:

-related to extralinguistic world

- independent, identifiable meaning

- open class: productiv (creation of new members

- nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs

function words

- inner-linguistics importance

- no(t much) independent lexical meaning, grammatical functions

- closed class: not productive (hardly any change)

-determiners, conjunctions, prepositions, pronouns, auxiliaries

prefixes: attached in front of the root, typicakky change the meaning of a word

suffixes: attached after the root, typically change the word class

infixes: inserted in the middle of a word

verbs: -s, -ed, -ing

noun: -`s, -s

adjective: -er, -est

- special type of bound morphemes

- occur only in combination with a specific free morpheme

- one word is regarded as the inflected form of another word, but the two words are no `cognates`e.g. good-better, bad-worse

- branch of morphology which studies the way in which new lexemes are formed

- possibility of creating new words

- some morphemes and morphological processes more productive than others

- gradual phenomenon

- derivational morphemes (affixes) are used to form new words

- can change the meaning of a word or its word class

- changing meaning. un-, im-, mis-, inter-, semi-, bi-

- always changing word class: be-, en-

sometimes changing word class: de-, dis-

basic pattern: bound derivational morpheme + free lexical morpheme

- changing word class:          

N > V: -ise, -ify, -en            N > Adj: -able, -ish, -less

Adj > N: -ity, -ness, -dom    Adj > V: -ise, -ify, ate

V > N: -er, -ion, -ment         V > Adj: -ful, -less, -able

- changing meaning:

N > N: -hood, -dom -ian

Adj > Adj: -al, -ish, -ly

Basic pattern: free lexical morpheme + bound derivational morpheme

a word that consists of more than one stem

A+B denotes special kind of B ex. darkroom, smalltalk, bottle-green

A+B denotes special kind of unexpressed semantic head ex.: skinhead, paleface, pickpocket

A+B denotes `the sum`of what A+B denote ex.: bitter-sweet, sleepwalk, actor-director, maidservant

= `zero derivation`, i.e. derivation of a new lexeme from an existing one without a specific morphological marker

- two free exical morphemes merge (free lexical morpheme + free lexical morpheme) but wih partial deletion 

example: brunch, podcast

- often considered informal

- result often monosyllabic

-  often express the speaker`s familiarity with the concept they denote

- alphabetism: TV, PC, OED

- acronyms (read as word): laser, asap, UNESCO

- a new word is formed by removing an affix

- new words are created for specific purposes without using the other word formation processes, apparently "from scratch", e.g. invented trade names like Kleenex, Aspirin

- a new word is coined form a proper noun

examples: cardigan, Alzheimer`s Disease

- the study of rules which make it possible to combine smaller units into well-formed sentences

- content words: related to extralinguistic world; independent, identifiable meaning, open class > productive (creation of new members); noubs, verbs, adjectives, adverbs

- function words: inner-linguistic importance; no(t much) independent lexical meaning, graammatical functions; closed class > not productive (hardly any change); determiners, conjunctions, prepositions, pronouns, auxiliaries

- the structure of the phrase depends on its most important element 

> noun phrase

> verb phase

> adjective phrase

> adverb phrase

> prepositional phrase

- nouns: plural -s, possessive marker`s

- verbs: 3rd ps singular marker -s, past tense marker -ed, progressive marker -ing, past participle markers -en or -ed

-adjectives: comparartive marker -er, superlative marker -est

- use of function words to encode grammatical information

- fixed word order encodes grammatical relations

- subject before verb, object after verb

- intonation particularly important in tonal language