Linguistics
Linguistics
Linguistics
Set of flashcards Details
| Flashcards | 171 |
|---|---|
| Language | English |
| Category | English |
| Level | University |
| Created / Updated | 08.09.2023 / 26.09.2023 |
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changes in the vowel system
-i-mutation: one vowel becomes more like another, phonological process that happened prior to Old English
sound change
-synchronic irregularities can be accounted for if they are taken to be once regular and became irregular as a result of sound changes
-Sturtevants Paradox: sound change is regular but creates irregularity whereas nalogy is irregluar but creates regularity
Neogrammarians
-the notion of sound laws in the 1870`s
-sound laws are exceptionless
-sounds change proceeds mechanically by analogy
-diachronic sound changes affects all words in which its environment is met, no exception
Grimm`s law
-sound shift occurs when.
1. one phoneme shifts to another phoneme
2. every word that includes that phoneme stops being pronounced with that phoneme and cmoes to be pronounced with the other phoneme
semantic change
-change in meaning of existing words
lexical change
-lexical creativity, formation of new words (using a languages own resources)
lexical borrowing
introduction of new words from other languages
conditions for semantic change
-three aspects of language that allow semantic change to occur:
-words are typically polysemic
-language is transmitted discontinuously, children do not receive a fully-formed grammar but create their own on the basis of the input, make abductive inferences which alter the language
-semantic change is sanctionised by the arbitrariness of the linguistic sign, exceptions like onomatoppoeia resist sound and semantic change
classifications of semantic change
-restriction, range of meanings narrowed down
-extension, number of contexts in which a word can be used is increased
-pejoration, downward move in evaluative judgement
-amelioration, improvement in assigned value
word formation processes
-derivation
-native and foreign affixes
-compounding
-blending
-notion of productivity
loan words
-Gastword: unassimilated borrowing that kept its pronounciation, orthography and grammar, but is not used widely
-Fremdwort: adapted into the native system, stable spelling and pronounciation
-Lehnwort: indistinguishable from the rest of the lexicon, open to normal rules of word use and word formation, phonological and morphological adaptation
