Pathophysiology

alterations in the hormones. Estrogen deprivation -> deterioration of endometrium build up and bleeding. Lack of Progesterone -> abnormal bleeding
Absence of estrogen -> endometrium gets thicker and with more blood supply
Estrogen and progesterone -> absence of ovulation

Hypothalamic pituitary stimulation dysfunction due to stress, weight loss/gain, metabolic disturbances.

Nonhormonal: Cancer, pregnancy, infections, polps

Most common: pregnancy.

Other causes include dysfunctional glands -> hormone regulation disturbed. Chronic infections, pituitary tumors and anorexia nervosa (eating disorder)

Cause unknown, risk factors, age, poor hygiene, smokin, HPV infection, UV-radiation exposure

Squamous cell carcinoma from lesion

Treatment depends on stage, size, location

Caused by poor hygiene, cronic inflammation, HPV exposure

Squamous cell carcinoma, appear as small tumor that develops (mostly metastasis to lymph nodes)

Treatment: generally surgery

Most commmon cancer in males 15-35, risk factors are genetic, absence of one testicle from birth.

First sign, slight enlargenent of testicle, associated with pain in abdomen/groin. Spread and metastatic can lead to swelling of lower extremities, back pain and dizziness

men over 50, age, race, heredity, male hormone levels and high fat diet are risk factors

adenocarcinoma (testosterone depended). frequent mestastais to lungs, liver or bones. Fatigue and blood in urine and semen, bone pain, erectile dysfunction and urination problems

Cancer of outer portion of female genitals

Lump, itchiness, changes in skin or bleeding are symptoms

Squamous cell carcinoma (cells lining the vagina) or squamous cell vaginal cancer (spreads slow and stays near the vagina, sometimes spread to lungs, liver and bone)

Age, lactation, length of time by which ovarian cycle is not supressed by pregnancy, family history, and contraceptive pills

Asymptomatic (silent killer). Many types of tissue can be involved(epithelial, germ cells, gonadal stromal (sex-cord) tumors)

Primary site in majority of ovarian cancers. metastasis from uterus/ovaries is also observed. usually adenocarcinoma

Uncommon vaginal discharge, bleeding and pain as symptoms

Risk factors: never being pregnant, diminished progesterone levels, obesity diabetes, hypertension (increase estrogen levels)

Develops due to prolonged estrogen stimulation and endometrial hyperplasia or hyperestrogenism and endometrial hyperplasia. Symptoms are painless bleeding between periods, abnormal discharge

Risk factor are early age at first intercourse, multiple sexual partner, smoking and STI's.

Prevention by vaccines (HPV vaccine)

It is also a uterine cancer

Atypical cells with changes in nuclear and catoplasmic parts of cell. Variation of cell size and shape. Indistinct boundaries

symtoms include abnormal vaginal bleeding (often after intercourse), spotting and discharge

Most common in females. Risk factors are sex, age, family history (e.g. BRCA 1 or 2 gene mutation), late pregnancy/menopause, obesity, alcohol intake, physical inactivity, hormoes that increase brest maturation

manifests as a mass, nipple retraction or unusual discharge

Pelvic inflammatory disease: microbial infection of upper reproductive tract (uterus, fallopian tube, ovaries) associated wit sexually transmitted organisms

Age between 16 and 24, multiple sexual partner, previous history of PID, use of intrauterin device (spirale?) are risk factors

Organism ascends and multiplies rapidly in favourable environment. 

Often none but can be fever, abnominal pain, pain during intercourse, bleeding disorders, elevatesd protein levels and inflammatory mediators (leukocytes)

Polycystiv ovary syndrome: common endocrine disorder

Half of females are obese, includes genes. 

Irregular mense, acne (and hair in man like patterns), infertility

Enlarged ovaries or irregular mense/amenorrhea leads to elevated LH (luteinizing hormone), but normal estrogen levels -> elevated testosterone (man like hair),

??? Probably not complete ???

Endometrial tissue found outside of uterus (ovaries, vulva, intestine,..)

Cause is unknown

Can cause infertility and chronic pain, Estrogen is elevated and causes menstruation -> bleeding into surrouning tissue can cause pain

(Bleeding in tissue because Ednometrial tissue is not where it should be)

Pain due to bleeding in surrounding sturctures. Back pain, menstrual bleeding disturbances, infertility

Inability to conceive a child after 1 year of unprotected sex. Primary if no prior conception, secondary after one or more pregnancies

Oocytes (eggs), Spermatozoa (Sperm) and a place to fertilize and implant must be present

Absence of sperm (azoospermia), decreased number (oligospermia), poor motility (asthenospermia) due to infections, obstructions, congenital abnormalies

Risk factors: testicle torsion, urologic surgery, STI's

Diminised ovarian reserve DOR (Quality and quantity of eggs decline with age), Ovulatory dysfunction (e.g. irregular periods), Cervical mucus problems (sperm can not be transported/surveves not in this environment), Uterine cavity abnormalities (Polyps, ect.), Tubal factors (pregnancies outside uterus block tube)

Medulla (inner portion): norepinephrin, epinephrin

Cortex (outer portion): Glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids and adrenal androgens

They are also called suprarenal glands -> above the kidneys (renes)

The ACTH secreted by the anterior pituitary regulates secretion of glucocorticoids and adrenal androgens. (secreted in unbound form and bind to plasma proteins for transporation)

Main site for metabolism is the liver

Sex hormones contribute to pubertal growth (bodi hair) and play a role steroid hormone economy of pregrant women. Decline with age (adrenopause)

Essential role in regulateio of potassium, sodium and water balance.

Aldosterone is regulated by renin-angiotensin mechanism and potassium blood levels. Increased aldosterone promotes sodium retention (reabsorption in distal tubules) and increases loss of potassium (urination).
Significant for maintaining total body volume. Low aldesterone results in high potassium and cardiac toxicity

Cortisol, regulated by hypothalamic pituitary adrenal gland. It increases with increased ACTH secretion (adrenocorticotrope Hormone) .

It helps regulating metabolic functions and inflammatroy response.