BIBM

1. Global strategy
2. Transnational strategy
3. Multidomestic strategy
4. Home replication strategy

the firm views international business as separete and secondary to its domestic business. it views expansion abroad as an opportunity to generate additional sales for domestic product lines. it is here to extend product life cycles and replicate the home-market success.

The internationalizing firm develops subsidiaries or affiliates in foreign markets. the firm delegates autonomy to managers in each foreign unit, allowing them to operate independently and pursue local responsiveness. Products get adapted to local needs.

a global strategy emphasizes central coordination and control of international operations. "why not make the same thing, the same way, everywhere?"

the firm strives to be relatively responsive to local needs while retaining sufficient central control. Standardize where feasible, adapt where appropriate.

1. Export Department
2. International Division
3. Geographic Area Structure
4. Product Structure
5. Functional Structure
6. Global Matrix Structure

1. Trade of products and services
2. Equity or ownership-based international business activities
3. Contractual relationships

1. Global sourcing
2. exporting
3. countertrade

1. Foreign Direct Investment (FDI)
2. Collaborative Ventures

1. Licensing
2. Franchising

1. Low-control strategies: exporting, countertrade, global sourcing
2. Moderate-control strategies: licensing and franchising
3. High-control strategies: equity joint ventures and FDI

Trade enables countries to use their national resources more efficiantly through specialization and thus enables industries and workers to be more productive

1. Products can be more readily bought
2. Imported products may be cheaper than domestically produced products
3. lower-cost imports help reduce company expenses and raise their profits
4. lower-cost imports help consumers save money
5. increases the overall prosperity of poor countries.

it is the sum of national comparative advantages and competitive advantage of a nation's firms collectively.

the competitive advantage of a nation depends on the collective competitive advantages of the nation's firms.

Comparative advantage: location-specific advantage / features of a nation (valuable resources, buildable land etc.)

Competitive advantage: firm-specific advantage / features of a company (specific knowledge, certain skills etc.)

1. Demand conditions
2. firm strategy, structure and rivalry
3. factor conditions
4. related and supporting industries

Internationalization takes place in incremental stages over a long period.

1. Domestic focus
2. pre-export stage
3. experimental involvement
4. active involvement
5. comitted involvement

1. The monopolistic advantage theory
2. The internalization theory
3. The dunning's eclectic paradigm

1. International collaborative ventures
2. networks and relational assets

1. Ethics
2. Corporate Social Responsibility
3. Sustainability
4. Corporate Governance

• Acting in a fair way is the right thing to do.
• ethical behavior is often prescribed within laws and regulations.
• customers, governments and media demand ethical behavior.
• ethical behavior is good business.

Relativism is the belief that ethical truths are not absolute (für jeden anders) but differ from group to group. When doing business in japan, do as the japanese do.

Normativism is the belief that ethical behavioral standards are universal (für jeden gleich) and firms should seek to uphold them consistently around the world.

• Corruption
• Bribery
• Intellectual Property Infringement
• Unethical Business Practices
• Harmful Global Sourcing
• Harmful Work Environment
• Illicit Products and Marketing

• Workplace-CSR (employees)
• Marketplace-CSR (customers, suppliers, competitors etc.)
• Environment-CSR (environment)
• Community-CSR (benefiting the community and society)

• Increased employee commitment
• Increased customer loyalty and sales
• improved reputation and brand image
• reduced likelihood of government intervention
• reduced business costs
• improved financial performance

1. Identify the problem
2. examine the facts
3. create alternatives
4. implement course of action
5. evaluate results

It is used as a screening method for potential country markets for exporting.

The researcher starts with a large number of prospective target countries and gradually narrows the choices by examining increasingly specific information.

It is used as a screening methodology for potential country markets for exporting.

the researcher assigns scores to countries based on their overall market attractiveness. weights are assigned to each variable to establish its relative importance. the researcher uses the resulting weighted scores to rank the countries.

• Analogy, the researcher draws on known statistics from one country to gain insights into the same phenomenon for another, similar country
• Proxy indicators, the researcher uses known information about one product category to infer potential about another product category.

• Protection of the national economy
• protection of an infant industry
• national security
• national culture and identity

• National strategtic priorities
• increasing employment

Import tariffs are usually ad valorem. That means, that they are assessed as a percentage of the value of the imported product.