Ethz
Fichier Détails
| Cartes-fiches | 163 |
|---|---|
| Langue | English |
| Catégorie | Biologie |
| Niveau | Université |
| Crée / Actualisé | 04.08.2021 / 13.08.2021 |
| Lien de web |
https://card2brain.ch/box/20210804_pa
|
| Intégrer |
<iframe src="https://card2brain.ch/box/20210804_pa/embed" width="780" height="150" scrolling="no" frameborder="0"></iframe>
|
Parts of a nephron
- glomerulus
- proximal convoluted tubule
- descending limb of the nephron loop
- ascending limb of the nephron loop
- distal convoluted tubule
Name of blood flow through gut, spleen, pancreas and liver
Splachnic circulation
Spinal nerve pairs: number and names
8 cervical
12 thoracic
5 lumbar
5 sacral
1 coccygeal
Hormones of the three layers of adrenal cortex
Zona glomerulosa:
Mineralocorticoids (Aldosteron)
Zona fasciculata:
Glucocorticoids (Cholesterol)
Zona reticularis:
Gonadocorticoids (Sex hormones --> DHEA)
Phases of female reproductive cycle
Follicular phase, luteal phase
Number of different sensory receptors (smell)
200-400
Blood supply and drainage from gallbladder
Blood supply: cystic artery
Blood drainage: cystic vein --> hepatic portal vein
Composition of semen
- 60% secretion from seminal vesicles (provides energy (fructose) for spermatozoa)
- 40% prostatic secretion (alkalic, protective function for spermatozoa)
Locations of estrogen synthesis
- ovaries
- placenta
- adrenal cortex
- Leydig cells of testes
Locations of ANS
Centers located in spinal cord, brain stem and hypothalamus
Two fluids in the eye
aqueous humor (anterior & posterior chamber), vitreous humor (vitreous body)
Difference betweenn chemical and electrical synapse
Chemical synapses transmit signals only in one direction, electrical synapses can transmit them in both directions
Tissue layers that cover the testes
- outer tunica vaginalis
- inner tunica albuginea
Function of cerebellum
- maintain equilibrium (archicerebellum)
- regulation of muscle tone (paleocerebellum)
- coordinate activity of voluntary muscles (neocerebellum)
Absorption mechanism in small intestine of: sodium, chloride, bicarbonate, glucose, amino acids, fats
sodium: sodiumglucose-co-transporter, sodium-amino acid-co-transporter, sodiumhydrogen exchanger (powered by active sodium-potassium ATPase pumps)
chloride: mainly passively dragged by positive charges of sodium ions
bicarbonate: active absorption
glucose: sodiumglucose-co-transporter
amino acids: sodium-amino acid-co-transporter
fats: ferrying by bile micelles
Functions of somatic nervous system
- concscious perception
- voluntary movements
- rapid processing of information
Layers of endometrium
- superficial stratum functionale
- deeper stratum basale
Glaucoma
To high intraocular pressure
--> causes damage to optical axons if maintained for too long
Glomerular filtration rate
Definition & calculation
Definition: total excretion volume of fluid per unit time by all glomeruli
Calculation: urine concentration * urine flow / plasma concentration
Average: ~ 125 ml/min/1.73 m2 --> 180l/day
Important nerves of brachial plexus
- Axillary nerve
- Ulnar nerve
- Musculocutaneous nerve
- Median nerve
- Radial nerve
Net/Effective filtration pressure (formula)
Net/Effective filtration pressure = [blood pressure in glomerulus] - [colloid osmotic pressure] - [hydrostatic pressure in Bowman's caosule]
Effect of ADH
increased permeability of distal tubules & collecting duct to water --> large amounts of water can be reabsorbed --> urine volume decreases
Layers of a peripheral nerve
Epineurium
Perineurium
Endoneurium
CRH
Corticotropin-releasing hormone
--> key role in hormonal regulation of birth
Factors important in controlling cerebral blood flow
CO2 concentration, hydrogen ion concentration, O2 concentration
Total refractive power of the lens
59 diopters
Inactive pancreatic enzyme forms
Trypsinogen, chymotrypsinogen, procarboxypolypeptidase
trypsin inhibitor inhbits activation of these
Structures of vascular tunic
choroid (posteriorly)
iris (anteriorly)
ciliary body (anteriorly)
Separation of cerebellum from occipital lob
tentorium cerebelli
Functions of estrogen
- maturation of ovarian follicle
- profileration of endometrium
- changes composition of mucus plug (prevents sperms from entering uterus)
- prepares sperm to penetrate and ferilize ovum
- breast developement (puberty)
- distribution of fat tissue
- slow longitudinal bone growth
- accelerate epiphyseal closure
- increase coagulability of blood (risk of thrombosis)
- induces central nervous functions (sexual response, social behaviour, mood)
Through what do the spinal nerves leave the spinal cord?
intervertebral foramen
Parts of metencephalon
Pons, cerebellum
Sources and digestion of carbohydrates
sucrose --> fructose
lactose --> galactose, glucose, fructose
starches --> maltose --> glucose
Types of neuroglia
- Ogliodendrocytes
- Ependymal cells
- Astrocytes
- Microglial cells
Functions of progesterone
- prepare female genital for implantation and maturation of fertilized ovum
- sustain pregnancy
- stimulates growth of uterine muscle
- restructures endumetrial glands
- alters blood supply
- changes gycogen content
- changes consistency of cervical plug (becomes virtually impregnable to sperm)
Gastrointestinal hormones, that give signals to the hypothalamus to regulate food intake
- Cholecystokinin (CKK)
- Peptide YY
- insulin
- ghrelin
Adipose tissue: leptin
Locations of sympathetic and parasympathetic NS (specific names)
S: thoracolumbar system
P: craniosacral system
Intestinal vasculature
superior & inferior mesenteric arteries
superior & inferior mesenteric veins
Calculation of a unknown volume B, if volume A, concentration of A and concentration of B is known
volume B = volume A * concentration A / concentration B
Connection between CSF and blood
in superior sagittal sinus (through arachnoid villi)
