Ethz
Kartei Details
| Karten | 163 |
|---|---|
| Sprache | English |
| Kategorie | Biologie |
| Stufe | Universität |
| Erstellt / Aktualisiert | 04.08.2021 / 13.08.2021 |
| Weblink |
https://card2brain.ch/box/20210804_pa
|
| Einbinden |
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Extraocular muscles (7)
Eye movement: superior rectus, inferior rectus, medial rectus, lateral rectus, inferior oblique, superior oblique
Eyelid movement: levator palpebrae superioris
Hormones of the adenohypophysis
Acting directly on tissues:
- Growth hormone (GH)
- Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH)
- Prolactin
Glandotropic hormones
Gonadotropins:
- Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
- Luteinizing hormone (LH)
Non-gonadotropins:
- Adenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
- Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
Erectile tissues of the penis
- corpora cavernosa (2x)
- corpus spongiosum (1x)
Methods to study PNS
EMG (electromyography)
NCS (nerve conduction study)
Regulation of stomach emptying (two groups of factors)
gastric factors (activate stomach emptying): food volume, gastrin
duodenal factors (inhibit stomach emptying): enterogastric nervous reflexes, CKK, secretin, GIP
--> duodenal factors are stronger
Phases of an action potential
Stimulus --> Depolarization, Repolarization, Refractory period
Entrance and exit of stomach
Cardiac sphyncter, pyloric sphyncter
What type of gland is the pancreas?
mixed gland (exocrine and endocrine): secretes digestive enzymes and hormones
Main function of nervous system
- orientation of body to internal & external environments
- coordination and control of body
- assimilation or experiences --> memory, intelligence
- programming of instinctual behaviour
Blood supply of pancreas
Branches of splenic and mesenteric artery
Names for small and big pupil
Miosis (small)
Mydriasis (big)
Mural layers of esophagus
- mucosa
- submucosa
- muscularis (circular & longitudinal)
- adventitia
Structures of internal tunic
retina (posteriorly)
pigment epithelium of iris (anteriorly)
pigment epithelium of ciliary body (anteriorly)
Three functional parts of labyrinth
Vestibule: gravity & linear movements
Semicircular canals: angular acceleration & deceleration
Cochlea: hearing
Proximal & distal stomach
Proximal: storage
Distal: food grinding, mixing with gastric juice, food digestion, fat emulsification
Parts of forebrain (cerebrum)
hemispheres, basal ganglia
Parts of diencephalon
hypothalamus, thalamus, epithalamus, pituitary gland
Groups of synaptic transmitters + examples
Small molecule rapid acting transmitters: acetylcholine, norepinephrine, dopamine, glutamate, Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)
Neuropeptides: TRH, LHRH, ACTH, Prolactin, Growth hormone, Gastrin, VIP
Basal ganglia
Basal ganglia --> Claustrum, Corpus striatum
Corpus striatum --> Caudate nucleus, Lentiform nucleus
Lentiform nucleus --> Putamen, Globus pallidus
Portions of cerebellar peduncles
superior: connects to midbrain
middle: connects to pons
inferior: connects to medulla oblongata
Site of sensory and motor area in brain
sensory: postcentral gyrus
motor: precentral gyrus
Functions of smell
- triggering saliva and gastric juice secretion
- warn of spoiled food
- hygiene control
- social information
- influence sexual behaviour
Name of longitudinal muscle running along the outside of colon
Taenia coli
Ovarian cycle (maturation of an ovum)
primary oocyte (inside primordial follicle) --> primary follicle --> secondary oocyte (inside secondary follicle) --> graafian follicle --> rupture, secondary oocyte is extruded into the peritoneal cavity (ovulation) --> empty follicle = corpus luteum
Functional units of testes
- seminiferous tubules (produce spermatozoa)
- interstitial cells (secrete male sex hormones)
(1) Digestion of proteins in stomach (20%) through...
(2) Digestion of proteins in small intestine through...
(3) Digestion of di-/tripeptides in small intesine through...
(1) pepsin
(2) pancreatic proteolytic enzymes: trypsin, chymotrypsin, carboxypolypepdidase, elastase
(3) peptidases (from enterocytes in duodenum & jejunum)
Why are 8-9 l water reabsorbed daily, but the oral uptake is only 1.5-2.5 l per dair?
The excess water comes from secretion through glands
"where" and "what" of visual (parts in the brain)
where: parietal lobe
what: occipital lobe
Areas of the retina
Peripheral retina
Central retina (fovea)
Blind spot
Secondary sex organs of males
ducts: epididymides, ductus deferens, ejaculatory ducts
glands: seminal vesicles, prostate, bulbourethral glands
copulatory organ: penis
Parts of myencephalon
medulla oblongata
Functions of CSF
- protection of brain
- buoyancy (Auftrieb)
- excretion of waste products
- endocrine medium
Cushing syndrome + causes
increased plasma glucocorticoid concentration
causes:
- inadequate ACTH release (hypophyseal tumor = Cushings disease)
- adrenal cortical tumor
Pharyngeal muscles
superior, middle and inferior constrictor muscle (von oben nach unten)
Function of parathyroid hormone
promotes increase of calcium levels in blood
Three layers of neurons in retina
first neurons: photoreceptors (rods and cones)
second neurons: bipolar cells
third neurons: ganglion cells of optic nerve
Processes that are energized by ATP
- muscle contraction
- synthesis of cellular components
- active transport
- nerve conduction
- glandular secretion
Digestion of fat in small intestine (3 ways)
1. emulsification by bile acids and lecithin
2. digestion by pancreatic lipase
3. ferrying of monoglycerides and fatty acides by bile salts
<10% triglyceride digestion by lingual lipase
Entrance into duodenum by pancreas & liver
Hepatopancreatic duct (Ampulla of Vater), controlled by sphyncter of Oddi
Esophageal constrictions
- cricoid cartilage
- aortic arch
- diaphragmatic hiatus
