Ethz
Kartei Details
| Karten | 163 |
|---|---|
| Sprache | English |
| Kategorie | Biologie |
| Stufe | Universität |
| Erstellt / Aktualisiert | 04.08.2021 / 13.08.2021 |
| Weblink |
https://card2brain.ch/box/20210804_pa
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| Einbinden |
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Hormones of the thyroid gland
- Triiodothyronine (T3)
- Thyroxine (T4)
- Calcitonin (produced in the C cells)
Different types of nerve fibers in brain
- commissural fibers (connecting hemispheres)
- association fibers (confined in one hemisphere)
- projection fibers (running from cerebral cortex to other parts of CNS) --> internal capsule
Connection of cerebellum to midbrain, pons and medulla oblongata
cerebellar peduncles
Other names for inhibitors and activators
statins, liberins
Functions of kidneys
- excretions of metabolic waste products
Regulation of:
- water and electrolyte balance
- body fluid osmolarity and electrolyte concentrations
- arterial pressure
- acid - base balance
- erythrocyte production
- secretion, metabolism and excretion of hormones
- gluconeogenesis
Two areas of the midbrain
Tegmentum, tectum
Scientific word for odor blindness
Anosmia
Parts of stomach
- cardia
- fundus
- body
- pyloric antrum
- pylorus
Strongest influence that decreases GFR
Examples of substances
sympathetic nerve system: hormones and autacoids
--> constriction of renal arterioles and decrease of renal blood flow & GFR
Examples:
- Norepinephrine
- Epinephrine
- Endothelin
- Angiotensin II
- Endothelial-derived nitric oxide
- Prostaglandins
Muscles of auditory ossicles
m. tensor tympany
m. stapedius
Pancreatic enzymes
Proteases: trypsin, chymotrypsin, carboxypolypeptidase
Amylases: pancreatic amylase
Lipases: pancreatic lipase, cholesterol esterase, phospholipase
Parts of the male urethra
- prostatic part
- membraneous part
- urinary meatus
Increase of blood flow in GI by...
- vasodilator substances (e.g. VIP, gastrin, CKK, bradykinin)
- decreased local O2 concentration
- autonomic nervous system
Loss of body water though...
In form of vapour:
- evaporation via respiratory tract
- diffusion through the skin
Fluid loss:
- sweat
- feces
- kidneys
- urine
Macula
sensory areas of utricle and saccula
--> Semicircular ducts, utricle and saccula are filled with fluid
Composition of feces
75% water, 25% solid matter
solid matter: 30% bacteria, 30% undigested roughage, 10-20% fat, 2-3% protein,10-20% inorganic matter
Parts of corpus callosum
- splenium
- corpus
- genu
- rostrum
Stomach blood supply
gastroepiploic artery (greater curvature)
gastric arteries (lesser curvature)
Functions of pancreatic hormones (4)
- ensure that food is stored as glycogen and fat
- mobilize energy reserves
- maintain plasma glucose concentration constant
- promote growth
Gut-associated Lymphatic Tissue (GALT)
- protection from harmful substances
- lymphatic follicles, lymphocytes
- part of specific immunity
- closely packed in ileum & vermiform appendix
Day light and night vision (names)
Day light vision: photopic vision
Night vision: scotopic vision
Principal structures of the eye
Eyeball, optic nerve, eyelid, lacrimal apparatus, extraocular muscles
Principal functions of endocrine hormones
- enzyme activity (stimulization or inhibition)
- transport processes (regulate ion channels)
- growth (rates)
- secretion of other hormones
Connection between lateral and third ventricle of ventricular system
Interventricular foramen
Steps at signal transmission in synaptic cleft
1. AP comes to presynaptic terminal
2. Depolarization opens Ca2+ channels, Ca2+ flows into cell
3. Ca2+ triggers neurotransmitter realese from vesicles
4. Neurotransmitter binds to receptors of postsynaptic membrane
5. Opening of ion channels, flow of ions into postsynaptic terminal
6. AP propagates through next cell
7. Neurotransmitter is inactivated/ transported back into presynaptic terminal
Where are the bile salts absorbed to be recyled later?
in the terminal ileum
--> enterohepatic circulation
Major cations and anions in body fluids
Na+, K+, Mg2+, Ca2+
Cl-, PO4-, HCO3-, proteins
Spinal plexuses & body regions they supply (sensory and motor)
Cervical plexus
--> s: neck, shoulder, m: hyoid muscle, diaphragma
Brachial plexus
--> s: shoulder, upper limbs, m: shoulder girdle, upper limbs
Lumbar plexus
--> s: skin of abdomen, genital region, anterior+lateral thigh, medial leg+foot, m: muscle of hip, quadriceps femoris
Sacral plexus
--> s: skin of posterior genital region, lower limbs, m: muscles of pelvic floor, muscles of lower extremities
Coccygeal plexus
Structures inside one turn of the cochlea (3)
Scala vestibuli (perilymph)
Cochlear duct (endolymph)
Scala tympani (perilymph)
Names for nearsightedness and farsightedness
n: myopia
f: hyperopia
Parts of pharynx
nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx (hypopharynx)
Pharynx is connected to the tympanic cavity of the middle ear through the Eustachian tube
Connection between small and large intestine
ileocecal sphincter
Maximal volume of gallbladder
30-60 ml, up to 450 ml possible
Functions of hypothalamus
- regulates body temperature
- manages water balance
- controls food intake
- governs emotional life
- regulates autonomic nervous system
Different receptors of sympathetic NS + functions
Alpha-receptors: stimulatory effects
Beta-receptors: inhibitory effects
Functions of autonomic nervous system
- maintaining a constant internal milieu (homeostasis)
- regulation of organic functioning in response to environmental demands
Hormones of the neurohypophysis
- Antidiuretic hormone (ADH / vasopressin)
- Oxytocin
Parts of esophagus
- cervical
- thoracic
- abdominal
Locations of constrictions of the ureter
- ureteropelvic junction
- point where ureter crosses the common iliac vessels
- bladder wall
Layers of stomach
- mucosa
- oblique
- circular
- longitudinal
(von innen nach aussen)
