Oncology
Cancer
Cancer
Kartei Details
| Karten | 77 |
|---|---|
| Sprache | English |
| Kategorie | Medizin |
| Stufe | Universität |
| Erstellt / Aktualisiert | 03.12.2019 / 08.03.2021 |
| Weblink |
https://card2brain.ch/box/20191203_oncology
|
| Einbinden |
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|
Solid cancer (4)
Carcinoma (epithelium: skin, glands, organs)
Sarcoma (connective/ soft tissue: bone, muscle, fat)
Melanoma (pigment cells)
Brain tumors (glioma)
burden of cancer in CH (number)
41.000 new cancer cases and 17.00 cancer deaths
Men and Woman (prevalence)
1. Prostate, Lung, Colorectal
2. Breast, Colorectal, Lung
Burden WW (new and deaths)
18.1 mio new cases
9.6 mio cancer deaths
Caner dangerous
local effects
local damage to tissue
obsturction (GIT, blood vessel)
bleeding pressure and mass effects
Cancer dangrous
systemic (6)
Bllod clots
infection
organ failure
cachexia (weight lose, weakness and fatigues = wasting syndrome)
metastasis
iatrogenic (complications of treatment and diagnosis)
metastasis
what is this_
along_
casuses problems at metastasis site: _ (4)
spread of cancer to other body parts
along lymphatic cessels or blood stream
bone, liver, lung, brain
Cancer RF (a lot)
age, amoking, alcohol, obesity, diet, PA, carcinogenic substances, radiation, sunlight, infectious agents, immunosuppresion, genetics
RF Cancer-causing substances
2x
Examples (2.)
environmental or occupational
ex: toxins, coal smoke, asbestos, benzol, wood dust
RF radiation and sunlight
radiation (occupational, other RF)
Sunlight
radiology and radiation workers, medical examinations, flight traffic, radon gas, normal background radiation
Sunlight: UV light
Hepatitis B/C leads to
liver cancer
HPV leads to
cervical cancer
HIV leads to (4)
lymphoma, cervical cancer, liver cancer, kaposi's sarcoma
HP lead to
stomach cancer
Immunosuppression
HIV leads to
Transplant patients leads to (4)
HIV: AIDS associated cancers
Transplant: skin, lung, liver, kidney cancer
Genetics RF of cancer
familial and hereditary cancers
EX (3)
born with vertain changes or mutations in genes
higher probability of developing cancer
5-10% cancer
Ex: BRCA1/2: breast & ovarian cancer/ APC gene: colorectal cancer/ TP53: breast cancer, sarcoma, brain tumors, leukemia
how can cancer be prevented (6)
healthy lifestyle (safe sex), exposure prtection adn reduction, vaccination, treatment of infectious diseases, screening, prophylactic surgery (AJ)
when should we screen (5)
condition of PH relevance
treatable
better prognosis with eraly treatment
good test avialable
low impact, simple, time-efficient, ressource-efficient, whtical
Screening
Cervial Cancer (3)
Pap-smear test, HPV screening, HPV Vaccination
Screening Breast Cancer (2)
Palpation, Mammography
Prostate cancer Screening (2)
Palpation, PSA- Screening
Skin cancer Screening
Skin inspection
Colon Cancer Screening (2)
Fectal occult bloot test, Coloscopy
Lung cancer screening
CT screening?
Screening Benefits (3)
Reduce cancer incidence (of advanced disease), cancer mortality
Screening Harms (5)
side effects of screening procedures
psychological effects, anxiety
false positive test results
false negative test result
overdiagnosis and overtreatment (not all cancers become relevant)
missing
mjssing
Clinical Signs and Symtoms (B Symtoms)
Non-specific (5)
weight loss
fever
night sweats
weakness,fatigue
loss of appetite
Clinical Signs Specific
missing
How is cancer diagnosed (3)
clinical signs and symptoms, screening and incidental (unintentional)
Diagnosis Step 1: sampling of tissue/ cells
biopsy (tissue sample) or blood sample
Biopsy
(4)
needle biopsy
image- guided (US, CT, MRI)
endoscopic (Colonoscopy...)
diangostic surgery
Blood sample (2)
Blood cells
and missing
Diagnosis Step 2: Extent of disease
Imaging and _
US, x.ray, CT, MRI,
nuclear scans (using radioactivity)
positron-emission tomography (PET-MRI, PET-CT)
bone scans
TNM Classification
T
T-Tumor
size and extenstion/invasion of primary tumor (T1-4)
T4= worst
TNM
N
Nodal: degree of spread to regional lymph nodes (N 0-3)
3= a lot of
TNM
M
Metatstasis
presence of distant metastatsis (M0-1)
Stages (4)
1: Located
2: early locally advanced
3: late locally advanced
4: metastasized
Treat cancer
depending (5)
cancer type
cancer stage
progression
treatment goal
patient preference
Treatment of cancer (2 approches)
local therapy and systemic therapy --> Combination
