OT
OT 2019
OT 2019
Fichier Détails
| Cartes-fiches | 182 |
|---|---|
| Langue | Deutsch |
| Catégorie | Jeux de questions |
| Niveau | Université |
| Crée / Actualisé | 15.04.2019 / 09.06.2019 |
| Lien de web |
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Ecology of Organizations
Underlying concept of organization
- organizations have a specific "blueprint" (e.g. business model)
- organizations are inertial, they can hardly change
Unit of analysis
- population of organizations (companies in particular)
- (population defined by common blueprint)
Starting point of evolution: Blueprint (analogously to genes)
Evolutionary Mechanisms in Organizational Ecology
- Variation: new alternative blueprints → new companies
- Selection: positive/negative selection of new blueprints, criteria: profitability and legitimacy → market and societal environment
- Retention: integration and retention of selected blueprints → societal institutionalization and bureaucratic routines
1. Variation
Trigger (e.g. new technology) → new business models → startup
2. Selection
- economic efficiency (profitability)
- societal acceptance (legitimacy)
"From an organization ecology perspective, it is the environment which optimizes."
3. Retention
"Knowledge of previously successful forms is institutionalized in the socialization apparatus of societies - schools, families, churches, public agencies - and in cultural beliefs and values defended by dominant organizations and institutions."
7.3 Empirical Studies (exemplary)
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Effect of Size on Organizational Failure
Hypothesis: Liability of Smallness
Small organizations have higher failure rates because of:
- lack of reliability and legitimacy
- difficulty of raising capital
- problems of recruiting and training a workforce
- higher interest payments
- costs of compliance with regulations
Empirical Test: consistent with the argument
Effect of Age on Organizational Failure
Hypothesis: Liability of Newness
Young organizations ahve higher failure rates because of:
- need to learn new roles and create routines
- limited resources
- lack of endorsement (legitimacy)
- costs of compliance with regulations
Empirical test: no effect when size is controlled
Resource Partitioning Model of Organizational Ecology
7.4 Critical Appraisal of Organizational Ecology
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Importance of the Theory (3)
- Explanation of change in population of organizations
- New perspective in organizational research (focus on populations)
- Empirically testable
Critique on Organizational Ecology Theory (3)
- Concept of population is unclear and thus it is difficult to distinguish between populations
- Empirically: Foundation of new companies is not the dominant mechanism of variation, elimination of companies is not the dominant mechanism of selection
- Influence of individuals (e.g. managers) is ignored
Summary: Organizational Ecology as Organization Theory
Module 8: New Institutionalism
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8.1 Core Concepts: Legitimacy and Institutions
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Definition of Institutions
Societal rules or expectations that are taken for granted or treated like "facts"
Definition of Legitimacy
Legitimacy is a generalized perception that structures or actions of an organization conform to the existing institutions
8.2 Institutional Environments and Organizational Structures
-
Technical Environment
- Products and services are exchanged through markets
- Organizations strengthen their competitive advantage by effective controlling of work processes
Main Criteria: Efficiency
Institutional Environment
- Demonstrate conformism with institutionalised rules
- This way gain legitimacy and support from the environment
Main Criteria: Legitimacy
Combination of Technical and Institutional Environement
Matrix
Institutional Environment
strong weak
strong bank, hospitals industrial companies
weak psychiatric hospitals, churche restaurant, fitness centers
Technical Environment
Structure of the Argument
Survival of organizations: Organizations, which include in their formal structure social legitimated and rationalized elements, maximize their legitimacy, ensure the flow of resources and so improve their survivability.
