Set of flashcards HYGIENE EPIDEMIOLOGIE 2.0 (Page 1 of 6)

Flashcards	222
Students	42
Language	English
Category	Medical
Level	University
Created / Updated	24.01.2019 / 10.02.2021
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Which of the following best describes the study designs that can be either retrospective

or prospective and is often used when the investigators are interested in rare exposure:

a) Intervention trials

b) Cohort studies

c) Prevalence studies

d) Case control studies

e) None of the above

The Bradford Hill criterion ”coherence” means that the association has been observed

repeatedly in different places, by different observers and at different times

a) true

b) false

Investigators examine data from insurance company records to assess mortality

associated with air pollution among Wroclaw inhabitants. The mortality factors they

consider are age at deaths, gender, cause of death, comorbidity. This is an example of a:

a) Case control study

b) Retrospective cohort study

c) Case caries study

d) Prospective cohort study

e) Large case report study

In an exposure is a cause of disease, then “temporality” is the Bradford Hill criterion for

casual interference that must hold true between exposure and disease.

a) true

b) false

bias is:

a) A test used in cohort study

b) Systematic error

c) Standard error

d) Random error

So-called Hill’s criteria must be met to establish a cause-effect relationship. Which of

the following does not belong?

a) Reversibility

b) Strength association

c) Randomness

d) Temporality

All of the following are measures of dispersion EXCEPT:

a) Percentile

b) Range

c) Standard deviation

d) Variance

Which type of epidemiological study is useful for relative risk analysis?

a) Cohort study

b) Cross-sectional study

c) Retrospective (case-control) study

d) Descriptive study

The value that occurs most frequently in a set of data is defined as the:

a) Arithmetic mean

b) Geometric mean

c) Median

d) Mode

1. Hand disinfection (hand rub) should last

a. 20-30 seconds

b. 30-40 seconds

c. 40-50 seconds

d. 40-60 seconds

2. Hand wash should last

a. 20-30 seconds

b. 30-40 seconds

c. 40-50 seconds

d. 40-60 seconds

Are statements considering the alcohol use true or false?

a. Alcohol consumption linked with smoking greatly decreases the risk of oral cancer

b. Alcohol consumption during pregnancy has harmful effect on fetal development

I. 1-true, 2-true

II. 1-false, 2-false

III. 1-false, 2-true

IV. 1-true, 2-false

Choose false sentence about fetal alcohol syndrome

a. Fetal alcohol Syndrome can occur in a person whose mother drank alcohol during pregnancy

b. Problems may include an abnormal appearance, short height, low body weight, small head size, poor coordination, low intelligence, behavior problems and problems with hearing or seeing

c. Drinking alcohol during first trimester of pregnancy is considered as safe

d. Answers A and B

5. Which of the following is not the reason for starting smoking

a. Parents who smoke

b. Lung cancer prevention

c. Poor knowledge of the adverse effects

d. Siblings and friends who smoke

6. Major diseases impacted by alcohol consumption include

a. Liver cirrhosis and pancreatitis

b. Neuropsychiatric conditions such as alcohol use disorders, depression or anxiety disorders

c. Cancer of the mouth, nasopharynx, other pharynx and oropharynx, laryngeal cancer, oesophageal cancer, colon and rectum cancer, liver cancer and female breast cancer

d. All of the above

Choose true sentences about tobacco smoking

a. Tobacco products are products made entirely or partly of leaf tobacco as raw material,

which are intended to be smoked, sucked, chewed or snuffed

b. Tobacco products contain the highly addictive psychoactive ingredient, nicotine

c. Tobacco use is one of the main risk factors for a number of chronic diseases, including

cancer, lung cancer, lung diseases and cardiovascular diseases

d. Tobacco use is common throughout the world

e. A number of countries have legislation restricting tobacco advertising, and regulation

who can buy and use tobacco products, and where people can smoke

I. A, B, C

II. A, C, D, E

III. A, B, D

IV. A, B, C, D, E

8. Choose false sentence about second-hand smoke.

a. Second hand smoke is the smoke that fills restaurants, offices or other enclosed spaces when people burn tobacco products such as cigarettes, water pipes

b. In adults, second-hand smoke causes serious cardiovascular and respiratory diseases, including coronary heart disease and lung cancer

c. In infants, second-hand smoke causes sudden death and in pregnant woman – low birth weight of neonates

d. None of the above

9. Minamata disease was caused by:

a. Air pollution

b.

c. Mercury poisoning

d. Answers A and B are correct

10. Factors that determine whether health effects after exposure to mercury…..

a. The type of mercury concerned, the dose

b. The age of developmental stage of the person exposed (the fetus is most susceptible)

c. The duration of exposure, the route of exposure (inhalation, ingestion or dermal contact)

d. all of above

11. Choose false sentence about lead

a. Lead is a cumulative toxicant that affects multiply body systems and is particulary harmful to young children

b. It is stored in the teeth and bones, where it accumulates over time

c. Human exposure is usually assessed through the measurement of lead in the blood

d. The level of lead exposure that is considered safe is less than 50g/kg/year

12. Choose true sentence about epidemiology

a. Epidemiology is a fundamental science of public health

b. Epidemiology has made major contributions to improving population health

c. Epidemiology is essential to the process of identifying and mapping emerging diseases

d. all of above

13. Basic triad of descriptive epidemiology is

a. Person, place, time

b. Agent, host, environment

c. Person, host, time

d. none of above

14. Basic triad of analytic epidemiology is

a. Agent, time, environment

b. Agent, host, environment

c. Agent, host, person

d. None of the above

15. The leading chronic diseases are

a. Hirschprung disease, Cancer, Influenza, Autism

b. Cardiovascular disease, Smallpox, Hirschprung disease, Diabetes

c. Cardiovascular disease, Cancer, Chronic respiratory disease, Diabetes

d. Cardiovascular disease, Cancer, Influenza, Diarrhea

16. Behavioral factors that promote the process of atherosclerosis are

a. Physical activity, healthy diet (rich in salt, fat and calories)

b. Young age and female gender

c. Tobacco use, physical inactivity, unhealthy diet (rich in salt, fat and calories), harmful use of alcohol

d. A and B

riks factor is

a. A factor that is causally related to the change in the risk of a relevant health process, outcome, or condition

b. Recognized standard for the treatment of the disease

c. The example of behavioral risk factors is gender

d. The example of behavioral risk factor is age

18. According to WHO risk factors for chronic disease is

a. Diet with low fruit and vegetable content

b. Regular physical activity

c. Tobacco smoking

d. Answers A and C are correct

19. According to WHO health is

a. A state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity

b. absence of disease

c. absence of infirmity

d. none of above

20. Choose true sentence about epidemiological studies

a. Epidemiologists must consider all sources of bias and confounding, and strive to reduce them

b. Each study design has strengths and weaknesses

c. Choosing the appropriate study design is a crucial step in an epidemiological investigation

d. All sentences are correct

21. The criteria for screening do not include

a. Well-defined disorder

b. Unknown prevalence

c. Long period between first signs and overt disease, medically important disorder for which there is an effective remedy

d. Procedures following a positive result are generally agreed upon and acceptable to both the screening authorities and to those screened

22. The four levels of prevention are

a. The population or “mass” strategy and high risk, individual strategy

b. Primordial, primary, secondary, tertiary

c. Incidence, prevalence, health promotion, rehabilitation

d. Individual, primary, secondary and tertiary

23. The aim of primary prevention is

a. Establish and maintain conditions that minimize hazards to health

b. Reduce the incidence of disease

c. Reduce the prevalence of disease by shortening its duration

d. Reduce the number and/or impact of complications

24. The aim of secondary prevention is

a. Establish and maintain conditions that minimize hazards to health

b. Reduce the incidence of disease

c. Reduce the prevalence of disease by shortening its duration

d. Reduce the number and/or impact of complications

25. The aim of tertiary prevention is

a. Establish and maintain conditions that minimize hazards to health

b. Reduce the incidence of disease

c. Reduce the prevalence of disease by shortening its duration

d. Reduce the number and/or impact of complications

26. Prevention that aims to reduce the more serious consequences of disease through early diagnosis and treatment is

a. Primordial prevention

b. Primary prevention

c. Secondary prevention

d. Tertiary prevention

27. The definition of “health promotion” according to the Ottowa Charter of 1986

a. Promote healthy lifestyle

b. Actions aimed at improvising the quality of life of the population and reducing inequalities in health

c. Learning about the factors determining the occurrence of health-related states or events in specified populations

d. Process to enable every man to increase control over their own health and its improvement by rising the level of knowledge about how to prevent disease, in order to improve the long-term health of the population

28. The incidence of disease

a. Represents the rate of occurrence of new cases arising in a given period in a specified population

b. Is the frequency of existing cases in a defined population at a given point in time

c. Answers A and B are correct

d. none of above

29. The prevalence of disease

a. Represents the rate of occurrence of new cases arising in a given period in a specified population

b. Is the frequency of existing cases in a defined population at a given point in time

c. answers a and b

d. none of above

The observational epidemiological study of persons with the disease (or another outcome

variable) of interest and a suitable control group of persons without the disease (comparison

group, reference group) is

a. Ecological study

b. Case-control study

c. Cohort study

d. None of the above

31. Choose true sentence about “randomization”

a. It is allocation of individual to groups in a clinical trial (e.g. intervention and control) by chance

b. It makes the trial a randomized controlled trial

c. If there is no effect of the intervention, it makes difference between the intervention and control groups random

d. all of above

HYGIENE EPIDEMIOLOGIE 2.0

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