Visuelle Wahrnehmung

10: What is the principle of univariance and what are the implications of the principle for colour perception?

9: Thorpe, Fize & Merlot published a study in ature which exerted a very strong influence on the object recognition community.

In their paper they showed that --- could decide wther a previously unseen --- of a natural scene contained an animal or not.

9: Thorpe, Fize & Merlot published a study in ature which exerted a very strong influence on the object recognition community.

The median reaction time (RT) of the observers was around --- ms with a mean percentage correct of --- % correct (note that the observers showed --- speed-accuracy trade-off).

9: Thorpe, Fize & Merlot published a study in ature which exerted a very strong influence on the object recognition community.

Subsequent --- analyses showed that roughly --- after stimulus onset the measured neurophysiological correlate could already reliable signal the presence or absence of an animal in a post-hoc analysis.

Thus processing of the natural scene stimulus was already completed after such a comparatively short time. 

9: Thorpe, Fize & Merlot published a study in Nature which exerted a very strong influence on the object recognition community.

According to the autors this result provides strong evidence in favour of essentially --- theories in visual object recognition.

9: Thorpe, Fize & Merlot published a study in Nature which exerted a very strong influence on the object recognition community.

This, in turn, argues against object recognition theories requiring an explicit  --- step prior to recognition, as such a step is presumed to require  --- --- algorithms.

9: Torralba and Oliva published a paper entitled "Statistics of natural image categories".

They report that, contrary to what was believed before, the --- of (images of) natural scenes is only --- if averaged across image categories, but if analysed separately for different image categories, they found strong correlations between --- of the power spectrum and image categories.

9: Torralba and Oliva published a paper entitled "Statistics of natural image categories".

Typically a density-plot the power spectrum of an image of a man-made scene is more ---.

9: Torralba and Oliva published a paper entitled "Statistics of natural image categories".

Based on --- component(s) of a principal component analysis (PCA) performed on the power spectrum, Torralba &Oliva were able to correctly categorise images into animal and non-animal scenes in --- of the cases.

9: Torralba and Oliva published a paper entitled "Statistics of natural image categories".

Calculating the PCA of the power spectrum is a --- operation.

9: Torralba and Oliva published a paper entitled "Statistics of natural image categories".

--- this operation could be performed --- in the human brain given what is currently known about psychiology.

9: Torralba and Oliva published a paper entitled "Statistics of natural image categories".

Thus Torralba & Oliva concluded that animal versus non-animal categorizatioin is so rapid because their --- approach does not require an explicit --- step

9: Wichmann, Drewes, Rosas and Gegenfurtner published a paper --- the conclusion made by Torralba & Oliva.

9: Wichmann, Drewes, Rosas and Gegenfurtner published a paper  casting doubt on the conclusions made by Torralba & Oliva.

The two main conclusions of the study – based on --- – were, first, that for human observer animal detection in typical photographs of natural scenes   --- . 

9: Wichmann, Drewes, Rosas and Gegenfurtner published a paper  casting doubt on the conclusions made by Torralba & Oliva. 

Second, they may indicate that in typical, commercial databases the statistics of the images may --- natural as/than often presumed, because photographs typically represent a --- view of the world.

9: --- describes the structure of a scene without reference to the identity of specific objects in the scene.

9: What are ensemble statistics?

9: What are the two pathways to scene perception?

5: --- is a mathematical procedure by which a signal can be seperated into comonent sine waves at different frequencies. Combining these sine waves will reproduce the original signal.

5: In --- Campbell and Robson published their seminal paper entitled ---

5: Given is a sine wave,  g_sine(x) = sin[ω_0 x], as a function of x with fundamental frequency f_0 — and thus ω_0 = 2π f_0 — and unit amplitude. Which of the following equations correctly expresses the Fourier series of a rectangular wave g_sq (x) with the same fundamental frequency and the same unit amplitude?

5: The graph shows the teo central figures from Campbell & Robson (Fig. 3, p.556). 

What is plotted for the open symbols are --- on the y-axis against ---

5: The graph shows the teo central figures from Campbell & Robson (Fig. 3, p.556). 

The open squares show the data for the ---, the open circles for the ---.

5: The graph shows the teo central figures from Campbell & Robson (Fig. 3, p.556). 

The filled black circles show rhe ratio of the --- ---.

5: The graph shows the teo central figures from Campbell & Robson (Fig. 3, p.556). 

The solid black line marks the prediction at --- derived from the fourier series of the stimuli.

The dashed line marks the prediciton of a --- model of early spatial vision

5: In 1968 Campbell and Robson published their seminal paper entitled  Application of Fourier Analysis to the Visibility of Gratings.

Prior to this Seminar work, researchers in pattern perception, often referred to as ---, thought of the stimuli exclusively in the --- domain, in terms of ---.

5: In 1968 Campbell and Robson published their seminal paper entitled  Application of Fourier Analysis to the Visibility of Gratings.

After the publication of "Application of Fourier Analysis to the visibility of Gratings" in the Journal of Physiology, however, visio researchers up to this days always consider stimuli --- in the --- domain.

5: In 1968 Campbell and Robson published their seminal paper entitled  Application of Fourier Analysis to the Visibility of Gratings.

Additional experimental data --- with the linear, independent multi-channel model came, e.g. from Blakemore and Campbell's --- studies, or from the famous 1f, 3f and phase manipulation experiments by --- ans ---, published in ----, or the elegant experiment by --- and --- from ---, showing that --- cycle(s) of a sine-wave grating could be --- to detect than --- of cycle(s) if the signal was --- by --- visual noise.

5: In 1968 Campbell and Robson published their seminal paper entitled  Application of Fourier Analysis to the Visibility of Gratings.

Whilst there exists a large body of work ---  the linear, independant multi-channel model, there are notable exceptions.

One of the most prominent is a study by --- and colleagues from --- , which measured --- using --- p>

6: Gestalt psychologists emphasize that

6: Bild: Kreise und Striche mit Aussparungen -> Haus

The figur depicts

6: Bild: Drei senkrechte Rechtecke mit jeweils 4 Kreisen darin, nebeneinander, dazwischen senkrecht jeweils 4 Kreise

Refer to the figure; Which Gestalt grouping principle might lead you to organize the elements into rows?

6: Bild: Würfel mit durchsichtigen Seiten

The figure is a classic demonstration of

6: Which is a viewing position that produces some regularity in the visual image that is not present in the world?

6: The word "figure" in the term "figure-ground assignment" refers to

6: Bild: roter senkrechter Strich daneben rotes etwas, sonst gelb

Which portion of the figure is interpreted as "ground" according to the Gestalt figure-ground assignment principles?

6: Bild: roter senkrechter Strich daneben rotes etwas, sonst gelb

Which Gestalt figure-ground assignment principle is most responsible fpr this interpretation of "ground"?

6: Bild: Ein H aus lauter kleinen S

Navon found that in figures like the one provided, the big letter (H) interfered with the naming of the small letters (S) more than the small letters interfered with the big. This finding inidicates that

7: Compare and contrast the structural descpription and view-based approaches to understanding object recognition

7: What are the "What" and "Where" pathways?