Zellbiologie
Cellular bricks I+II
Cellular bricks I+II
Set of flashcards Details
| Flashcards | 50 |
|---|---|
| Language | English |
| Category | Biology |
| Level | University |
| Created / Updated | 01.01.2017 / 05.01.2017 |
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Ionic Bonds
Oppositely charged ions (usually a metal and a non-metal) form ionic bonds in order to achieve a
stable outer shell. These bonds are very strong in the absence of water or other polar solvents.
Metals
- Easily lose their electrons
- End up as cations
- Empty valence
Nonmetals
- Want to gain electrons
- End up as anions
- Full valence
Covalent Bonds
Two or more atoms come very close together and share one or more electrons, which defines
spatial arrangement and three-dimensional structure. Double (or triple) bonds change the geometry and inhibit
free rotation
Hydrogen Bonds
Hydrogen Bonds: Occur between molecules with partial positive or negative charges with a differential electron
distribution between the atoms (polar molecules).
Monosaccharides:
Monosaccharides: They have a general formula of (CH 2 O)n where n is between 3 and 6. They consist of 2 or
more OH groups and are called aldose if they contain an aldehyde group and ketose, if they contain a ketone
group.
• containing aldehyde group: aldose
• containing ketone group: ketose
• ring formation in aqueous solution
Isomers:
Isomers: Same chemical formula, different structure.
Di-/Polysaccharides:
Di-/Polysaccharides: Consist of two or several monosaccharides, which are linked together. The linkage is
“produced” by a condensation reaction and destroyed by hydrolysis.
Cellulose:
Cellulose: The major structural component of plants. It is a long polymer made of cellobiose (a disaccharide
made of two glucose molecules). Humans can’t digest cellulose because we don’t have the enzyme cellulase.
cellobiose: glucose-β-1,4-glucose
Lactose:
Lactose: It is made up of galactose linked to glucose. The galactose can be converted to glucose by the human
body only if the enzyme lactase is present.
lactose: galactose β 1,4 glucose
Sucrose:
Sucrose: A very common natural sweetener made up of glucose and fructose. Our body can synthesise all the
different sugars needed from glucose and it can also produce the glucose itself in many different ways.
sucrose: glucose α 1,2 fructose
Glycogen:
Glycogen: Branched polysaccharide which is used for energy storage (in humans/animals)
Alkenes
Ethers
Alcohols
Alkanes
Amines
Esters
Carboxylic acids
Ketones
Adehydes
Carbohydrates
Carbohydrates
Used as energy source (glucose), energy storage (glycogen, starch), carbon source (pyruvate), for structure and
protection (chitin, cellulose, connective tissue) and for recognition/signaling (antibodies). Their names usually
and with “–ose”.
Aldose
first C double connection with O
Ketose
second C double connection with O
Hexose
Hexose sind Monosaccharide, deren Kohlenstoffgrundgerüst sechs Kohlenstoff-Atome enthält.
Glucose
Fructose
alpha and beta link
Maltose
maltose: glucose α 1,4 glucose
function lipids
• storage molecules for energy (adipose tissue)
• structural components of cellular membranes
• protective molecules (waxes)
• hormones and vitamins
• intracellular messengers
• pigments
general lipids
• very important biomolecules
• insoluble in water
• soluble in organic sovents and other lipids
Phospholipids and cell membranes
LIPIDS
Four main classes
There are four main classes of which the first three have the basic structure of fatty acids:
- Triacylglyverols (TAGs): Storage lipids --> the fatty acids are linked through an ester
bondage to glycerol. non polar
- Phosphoacylglycerols: Membrane structural lipids. polar
- Sphingolipids: Membrance structural lipids (polar)
- Non saponifiable lipids: Steroids, hormons, cholesteros --> based on a fused
ring structure rather than fatty acids
Common Fatty Acids:
Common Fatty Acids: A carboxylic acid with a long hydrocarbon tail which can be either saturated (no double
bonds) or unsaturated (one or more double bonds)
Triacylglycerols
general structure of amino acid
All amino acids have the
same basic structure (an organic molecule with at least one carboxyl group (organic acid) and at
least one amino group (organic base) --> they only differ in their side chain).
general amino acids
There 20 naturally occurring amino acids which can be linked together by peptide bonds. The
bond is mace between the amide-nitrogen and the carbonyl oxygen.
Zwitterions
Zwitterions: Positive and negative charge on the same molecule. Amino acids exist in this form at physiological
pH ( about 7.4)
general amino acids
There 20 naturally occurring amino acids which can be linked together by peptide bonds. The
bond is mace between the amide-nitrogen and the carbonyl oxygen.
Only one way to link amino acids together – peptide bond
Amino acids/proteins act as: enzymes (catalysts), metabolic
intermediates, carriers of energy and waste products and hormones.
Amino acids
Acidic
Amino acids
basic side chains
amino acid
Uncharged polar
