2013 HSC COURSE

V - in any species there is variation 

E - There is an environmental pressure. Organisms with advantagous variations will have a greater change of survival 

R - Surviving organism will pass on their genes (in which organisms ith adv variation will be more likely to do so)

A - as the variation becomes predominant in the population it is said to become an adaption

Type of dialysis that occurs in the body

Utilises the peritoneal membrane that lines the peritoneum in the abdominal cavity 

The peritoneum is filled with dialysis solution (dialysate) through a catheter 

The dialysate pulls waster product from the blood through the semi permeable membrane

After 4-6 hours the fluid is drained

The clinical purification of blood 

2 types : peritoneal and haemodialysis 

aim: to estimate and draw scale diagrams of RBCs and WBCs using a microscope

hypothesis: RBC ~7-8 micrometres, WBCs ~15 micrometres

risk: microscope is heavy and cause potentially cause damage to feet if dropped. Therefore hold with both hands firmly at the base

materials: 1x light microscope 1x blood smear slide 1x minigrid 1x compass 1x pencil 

Method: 1. set up light microscope and place minigrid  2. measure the field of view of the microscope by using the minigrid slide (increasing initially from 10x magnification up to 400x magnification) 3. place the blood smear slide on the microscope and slowly work way up from 10x mag to 400x magnification. 4. using the field of view estimate the size of the RBCs by counting the total number of RBCs in the diametre of the field of view and divide view of view diametre by the number 6. repeat 3 times 7. get average size and record 8. draw scale diagram of RBC using a scale of 1cm = 1 micrometre and mark key features 9.repeat 4-8 with WBCs 

estuarine organisms (osmoconformers) have to experience large changes in salt water concentration throughout the day. 

It is too energy consuming to deal as a osmoregulator would so they carry out enantiostasis 

Alter internal pH to neutralise effect of different salt water concentrations 

e.g. hight tide = high salt concentration therefore they increase their pH

logarithmic scale used for measuring the acidity or alkalinity of a substance 

pH 7 - neutral

pH < 7 - acidic 

pH > 7 basic / alkaline

Banksia - thick waxy cuticle 

Cacti - small leaf SA, low number of stomate, extensive roots 

Spinifex grass - Low stomata number, sunken stomata, trichomes and rolled leaves 

urea, uric acid, creatinine, ammonia

sugars, vitamins, amino acids 

The precipitate of thawing frozen plasma between 1 to 6 degrees celcius 

Disease in which the adrenal glands do not produce enough hormones including aldosterone 

results:

- too much sodium and H20 and potassium excreted by kidneys affecting blood pressure and heart function 

Freshwater fish - ammonia - very toxic - highly soluable

Human, Saltwater fish and mammals - urea - med toxic - med soluable 

Birds, insects and reptiles - uric acid - low toxic - low soluability

1. salt excreted through minute glands in the surface layer of leaves 

2. excess salt stored in older leaves before they fall 

3. Layer of cells that actively restrict movement of salt into xylem cells 

Shows the inheritance of particular traits through a family tree 

used in 

1. genetic studies to trace occurance of genetic disease over several genes 

2. advise probablility of having an affected child 

3. zoo management for breeding 

Both alleles are independantly and equally expressed in the heterozygote 

e.g. roan (stipled red and which) coat colour in cattle

does not follow mendellian ratios 

enzyme activity will increase with enzyme concentration untill a V max i  reached - where all substrate is used or connected to active sites

evidence for natural selction 

Studies of animal / plant distribution 

e.g. ratites - flightless bired e.g. emu, rhea, ostrich, moa all originated from gondwana evolved differently from experiencing different selective pressures 

The offspring of a cross between 2 different species, subspecies or varieties 

Hybrids between 2 species are usually infertile as chromosomes dont match up (e.g. donkey and horse)

Hybridisation helps to increase genetic variety 

Many hybrids are described as having hybrid vigour - combine best features of parents 

groodle = golden retreiver cross poodle 

doesnt shed - low allergy (from poodle)

water loving (golden retreiver)

large build (both)

asthetic 

High IQs of both - greater trainability

Appearance of an individual is based upon both genotype and environment 

e.g. hydranges flower colour is based on soil pH. acidic - blue. alkaline soil - pink. pH has an effect on the availability of other ions in the soil and these ions determine colour change 

e.g. Phenylketonuria (PKU) genetic disorder may be controlled by limiting diet 

Method explaining the movement of water in the xylem tissue 

There is:

cohesion between the water molecules (formation of hydrogen bond) 

adhesion between the water molecules and the wall of the xylem 

transpiration - as water evaportates it pulls the other water up with it 

xerophytes - plants adapted to dry habitats 

adaptions include: 

- sunken stomata 

- stomatal hairs 

- thick waxy cuticle 

- rolled leaves 

- fewer stomata 

Pros - requires no training, only 4 days a week, can do non active activities at the same time, flexible treatment times 

Cons - limited fluid and diet intake, may feel washed out afterwards, needle sticks, must travel to centre

- very compact - each RBC can carry approximately 300 million 

- 02 doesnt dissolve well in solution therefore hB affinity to 02 increases the bloods capacity to transport oxygen 

- At high altitudes one response is increased production of RBCs and therefore more hB 

- ~23% of carbon dioxide combines with haemoglobin to form HHb  which buffers the blood to keep pH change minimum 

- bohr effect 

alleles are alternate forms of genes 

alleles that mask other alleles are dominant 

alleles that are masked are recessive 

alleles expressed equally are codominant 

protein with a quaternary structure = 4 polypeptide chains each with a haem (Fe) group 

Each RBC contains ~300 million Hb molecules 

May combine with oxygen to form oxyhaemoglobin or with carbon dioxide to form HHb

model describing enzyme specificity 

enzyme and substrate dont have exact complementary shapes but active site changes size to accomodate 

Enzyme returns to normal shape after reaction has taken place 

Blood flow from heart ---> arteries ---> arterioles ---> capillaries ---> venules ---> veins ---> blood flow from heart 

Aim: to model natural selection 

Hypothesis: the varient most suited to the selective pressure will become predominant 

Risk: Small disc may become a slipping hazard if on the floor. As such pick up any fallen chips immeadiatly 

Materials: 20x blue chips 20x pink chips 20x orange 20x green 20x white 1x floral background 

Method: 1. have one experimenter randomly arrange all the chips on the background 2. Have the other experimenter act as the selective pressure randomly choosing chips 3. count the surviving chips and have each chip 'reproduce' to have 3 same coloured offspring 4. repeat 1-3 two more times 

Heterosygous means that both alleles are different in genotype 

Homozygous means that both alleles are the same in genotype 

length of DNA that codes for a particular polypeptide 

The inheritance of a single trait is controlled by one pair of genes only 

aim

hypothesis

independant 

dependant

controlled variables 

control 

risk

materials 

method 

results 

graph 

discussion 

conclusion