USMLE Step 1: Clinical presentations

Clinical presentations

Clinical presentations

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Mauro Vasella

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Mauro Vasella

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This flashcard set covers clinical presentations of various diseases and conditions at a university level. It focuses on diagnosing common diseases, syndromes, and tumors, along with their clinical and lab findings. Medical students and professionals will benefit from this set as it provides essential information for identifying and understanding different medical conditions.

Cartes-fiches

445

Utilisateurs

2

Langue

Anglais

Catégorie

Médecine

Niveau

Université

Créé / Mis à jour

22.10.2013 / 12.04.2015

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Disease/finding:

SIADH

Most common/important associations:

Small cell carcinoma of the lung

Disease/finding:

Site of diverticula

Most common/important associations:

Sigmoid colon

Disease/finding:

Site of atherosclerosis

Most common/important associations:

Abdominal aorta > coronary > popliteal > carotid

Disease/finding:

Stomach cancer

Most common/important associations:

Adenocarcinoma

Disease/finding:

Stomach ulcerations and high gastrin levels

Most common/important associations:

Zollinger-Ellison syndrome (gastrinoma of duodenum or pancreas)

Disease/finding:

t(14;18)

Most common/important associations:

Follicular lymphomas (bcl-2 activation)

Disease/finding:

t(8;14)

Most common/important associations:

Burkitt's lymphoma (c-myc activation)

Disease/finding:

t(9;22)

Most common/important associations:

Philadelphia chromosome, CML (bcr-abl fusion)

Disease/finding:

Temporal arteritis

Most common/important associations:

Risk of ipsilateral blindness due to thrombosis of ophthalmic artery; polymyalgia rheumatica

Disease/finding:

Testicular tumor

Most common/important associations:

Seminoma

Disease/finding:

Thyroid cancer

Most common/important associations:

Papillary carcinoma

Disease/finding:

Tumor in women

Most common/important associations:

Leiomyoma (estrogen dependent, not precancerous)

Disease/finding:

Tumor of infancy

Most common/important associations:

Hemangioma (usually regresses spontaneously by childhood)

Disease/finding:

Tumor of the adrenal medulla (adults)

Most common/important associations:

Pheochromocytoma (usually benign)

Disease/finding:

Tumor of the adrenal medulla (kids)

Most common/important associations:

Neuroblastoma (malignant)

Disease/finding:

Type of Hodgkin's

Most common/important associations:

Nodular sclerosis (vs. mixed cellularity, lymphocytic, predominance, lymphocytic depletion)

Disease/finding:

Type of non-Hodgkin's

Most common/important associations:

Diffuse large cell

Disease/finding:

UTI

Most common/important associations:

E.coli
Staphylococcus saprophyticus (young women)

Disease/finding:

Viral encephalitis affecting temporal lobe

Most common/important associations:

HSV-1

Disease/finding:

Vitamin deficiency (US)

Most common/important associations:

Folic acid (pregnant women are at high risk; body stores only 3- to 4-month supply; prevents neural tube defects)

Clinical presentation:

Abdominal pain, ascites, hepatomegaly

Commandes clavier:

= tourner,

= avant/arrière,

= faire défiler

Diagnosis/disease:

Budd-Chiari syndrome (posthepatic venous thrombosis)

Clinical presentation:

Achilles tendon xanthoma

Commandes clavier:

= tourner,

= avant/arrière,

= faire défiler

Diagnosis/disease:

Familial hypercholesterolemia

Clinical presentation:

Adrenal hemorrhage, hypotension, DIC

Commandes clavier:

= tourner,

= avant/arrière,

= faire défiler

Diagnosis/disease:

Waterhouse-Friderichsen snydrome (meningococcemia)

Clinical presentation:

Arachnodactyly, lens dislocation, aortic dissection, hyperflexible joints

Commandes clavier:

= tourner,

= avant/arrière,

= faire défiler

Diagnosis/disease:

Marfan's syndrome (fibrillin defect)

Clinical presentation:

Athlete with polycythemia

Commandes clavier:

= tourner,

= avant/arrière,

= faire défiler

Diagnosis/disease:

Erythropoietin injection

Clinical presentation:

Back pain, fever, night sweats, weight loss

Commandes clavier:

= tourner,

= avant/arrière,

= faire défiler

Diagnosis/disease:

Pott's disease (vertebral tuberculosis)

Clinical presentation:

Bilateral hilar adenopathy, uveitis

Commandes clavier:

= tourner,

= avant/arrière,

= faire défiler

Diagnosis/disease:

Sarcoidosis (noncaseating granulomas)

Clinical presentation:

Blue sclera

Commandes clavier:

= tourner,

= avant/arrière,

= faire défiler

Diagnosis/disease:

Osteogenesis imperfecta (collagen defect)

Clinical presentation:

Bluish line on gingiva

Commandes clavier:

= tourner,

= avant/arrière,

= faire défiler

Diagnosis/disease:

Burton's line (lead poisoning)

Clinical presentation:

Bone pain, bone enlargement, arthritis

Commandes clavier:

= tourner,

= avant/arrière,

= faire défiler

Diagnosis/disease:

Paget's disease of bone (increased osteoblastic & osteoclastic activity)

Clinical presentation:

Bounding pulses, diastolic heart murmur, head bobbing

Diagnosis/disease:

Aortic regurgitation

Clinical presentation:

"Butterfly" facial rash and Raynaud's phenomenon in a young female

Diagnosis/disease:

Systemic lupus erythematosus

Clinical presentation:

Café-au-lait spots, Lisch nodules (iris hamartoma)

Diagnosis/disease:

Neurofibromatosis type I (+pheochromocytoma, optic gliomas)

Neurofibromatosis type II (+bilateral acoustic neuromas)

Clinical presentation:

Café-au-lait spots, polyostotic fibrous dysplasia, precocious puberty

Diagnosis/disease:

McCune-Albright syndrome (mosaic G-protein signaling mutation)

Clinical presentation:

Calf pseudohypertrophy

Diagnosis/disease:

Muscular dystrophy (most commonly Duchenne's): X-linked recessive deletion of dystrophin gene

Clinical presentation:

"Cherry-red spot" on macula

Diagnosis/disease:

Tay-Sachs (ganglioside accumulation) or Niemann-Pick (sphingomyelin accumulation)
central retinal artery occlusion

Clinical presentation:

Chest pain on exertion

Diagnosis/disease:

Angina (stable: moderate exertion; unstable: minimal exertion)

Clinical presentation:

Chest pain, pericardial effusion/friction rub, persistent fever following MI

Diagnosis/disease:

Dressler's syndrome (autoimmune-mediated post-MI fibrinous pericarditis, 1-12 weeks after acute episode)

Clinical presentation:

Child uses arms to stand up from squat

Diagnosis/disease:

Gowers' sign (Duchenne muscular dystrophy)

Clinical presentation:

Child with fever develops red rash on face that spreads to body

Diagnosis/disease:

"Slapped cheeks" (erythema infectiosum/fifth disease: parvovirus B19)

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Cartes-fiches

Lab/diagnostic finding:

Renal epithelial casts in urine

Diagnosis/disease:

Acute toxic/viral nephrosis

Lab/diagnostic finding:

Rhomboid crystals, positively birefringent

Diagnosis/disease:

Pseudogout (calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate)

Lab/diagnostic finding:

Rib notching

Diagnosis/disease:

Coarctation of the aorta

Lab/diagnostic finding:

Ring-enhancing brain lesion in AIDS

Diagnosis/disease:

Toxoplasma gondii

Lab/diagnostic finding:

Sheets of medium-sized lymphoid cells ("starry sky" appearance on histology)

Diagnosis/disease:

Burkitt's lymphoma (t[8:14] c-myc activation, associated with EBV; "black sky" made up of malignant cells)

Lab/diagnostic finding:

Silver-staining spherical aggregation of tau proteins in neurons

Diagnosis/disease:

Pick bodies (Pick's disease: progressive dementia, changes in personality)

Lab/diagnostic finding:

"Soap bubble" in femur or tibia on x-ray

Diagnosis/disease:

Giant cell tumor of bone (generally benign)

Lab/diagnostic finding:

"Spikes" on basement membrane, "dome-like" subepithelial deposits

Diagnosis/disease:

Membranous glomerulonephritis (may progress to nephrotic syndrome)

Lab/diagnostic finding:

Stacks of red blood cells

Diagnosis/disease:

Rouleaux formation (high ESR, multiple myeloma)

Lab/diagnostic finding:

Stippled vaginal epithelial cells

Diagnosis/disease:

"Clue cells" (Gardnerella vaginalis")

Lab/diagnostic finding:

"Tennis-racket"-shaped cytoplasmic organelles (EM) in Langerhans cells

Diagnosis/disease:

Birbeck granules (histiocytosis X: eosinophilic granuloma)

Lab/diagnostic finding:

Thrombi made of white/red layers

Diagnosis/disease:

Lines of Zahn (arterial thrombus, layers of platelets/RBCs)

Lab/diagnostic finding:

"Thumb sign" on lateral x-ray

Diagnosis/disease:

Epiglottitis (Haemophilus influenzae)

Lab/diagnostic finding:

Thyroid-like appearance of kidney

Diagnosis/disease:

Chronic bacterial pyelonephritis

Lab/diagnostic finding:

"Tram-track" appearance on LM

Diagnosis/disease:

Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis

Lab/diagnostic finding:

Triglyceride accumulation in liver cell vacuoles

Diagnosis/disease:

Fatty liver disease (alcoholic or metabolic syndrome)

Lab/diagnostic finding:

WBCs that look "smudged"

Diagnosis/disease:

CLL (almost always B cell; affects the elderly)

Lab/diagnostic finding:

"Wire loop" glomerular appearance on LM

Diagnosis/disease:

Lupus nephropathy

Lab/diagnostic finding:

Yellow CSF

Diagnosis/disease:

Xanthochromia (previous subarachnoid hemorrhage)

Condition:

Abscence seizures

Common treatment:

Ethosuximide

Condition:

Acute gout attack

Common treatment:

NSAIDs, colchicine

Condition:

Acute promyelocytic leukemia (M3)

Common treatment:

All-trans retinoic acid

Condition:

ADHD

Common treatment:

Methylphenidate, amphetamines

Condition:

Alcohol abuse

Common treatment:

AA + disulfiram for patient and A1-Anon for family

Condition:

Alcohol withdrawal

Common treatment:

Benzodiazepines

Condition:

Anorexia

Common treatment:

SSRIs

Condition:

Anticoagulation during pregnancy

Common treatment:

Heparin

Condition:

Anxiety

Common treatment:

Buspirone

Condition:

Arrhythmia in damaged cardiac tissue

Common treatment:

Class IB antiarrhythmic (lidocaine, mexiletine, tocainide)

Condition:

B₁₂ deficiency

Common treatment:

B₁₂

Condition:

Benign prostatic hyperplasia

Common treatment:

Tamsulosin, finasteride

Condition:

Bipolar disorder

Common treatment:

Lithium, valproate, carbamazepine (mood stabilizers)

Condition:

Breast cancer in postmenopausal woman

Common treatment:

Aromatase inhibitor

Condition:

Buerger's disease

Common treatment:

Smoking cessation

Condition:

Bulimia

Common treatment:

SSRIs

Condition:

Candida albicans

Common treatment:

Amphotericin B (systemic), nystatin (oral thrush, esophagitis)

Condition:

Carcinoid syndrome

Common treatment:

Octreotide

Condition:

Chlamydia trachomatis

Common treatment:

Doxycycline (+ ceftriaxone for gonorrhea coinfection), erythromycin eye drops (prophylaxis in infants)

Condition:

Chronic gout

Common treatment:

Probenecid (underexcretor), allopurinol (overproducer)

Condition:

Chronic hepatitis

Common treatment:

IFN-alpha

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