USMLE Step 1: Clinical presentations
Clinical presentations
Clinical presentations
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Lernkarten
Disease/finding:
Helminth infection (US)
Most common/important associations:
- Enterobius vermicularis
- Ascaris lumbricoides
Disease/finding:
Hematoma→epidural
Most common/important associations:
Rupture of midle meningeal artery (trauma; lentiform shaped)
Disease/finding:
Hematoma→subdural
Most common/important associations:
Rupture of bridging veins (crescent shaped)
Disease/finding:
Hemochromatosis
Most common/important associations:
Multiple blood transfusions or hereditary HFE mutation (can result in CHF, "bronze diabetes", and increased risk of hepatocellular carcinoma)
Disease/finding:
Hepatocellular carcinoma
Most common/important associations:
Cirrhotic liver (associated with hepatitis B & C)
Disease/finding:
Hereditary bleeding disorder
Most common/important associations:
von Willebrand's disease
Disease/finding:
Hereditary harmless jaundice
Most common/important associations:
Gilbert's syndrome (benign congenital unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia)
Disease/finding:
Hereditary harmless jaundice
Most common/important associations:
Gilbert's syndrome (benign congenital unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia)
Disease/finding:
HLA-B27
Most common/important associations:
- Ankylosing spondylitis
- Reiter's syndrome
- ulcerative colitis
- psoriasis
Disease/finding:
HLA-DR3 or -DR4
Most common/important associations:
- Diabetes mellitus type 1
- rheumatoid arthritis
- SLE
Disease/finding:
Holosystolic murmur
Most common/important associations:
- VSD
- tricuspid regurgitation
- mitral regurgitation
Disease/finding:
Hypercoagulability, endothelial damage, blood stasis
Most common/important associations:
Virchow's triad (results in venous thrombosis)
Disease/finding:
Hypertension 2°
Most common/important associations:
Renal disease
Disease/finding:
Hypoparathyroidism
Most common/important associations:
Accidental excision during thyroidectomy
Disease/finding:
Hypopituitarism
Most common/important associations:
Pituitary adenoma (usually benign)
Disease/finding:
Infection 2° to blood transfusion
Most common/important associations:
Hepatitis C
Disease/finding:
Infections in chronic granulomatous disease
Most common/important associations:
- Staphylococcus aureus
- E. coli
- Aspergillus (catalase positive)
Disease/finding:
Kidney stones
Most common/important associations:
- Calcium = radiopaque
- Struvite (ammonium) = radiopaque (formed by urease-positive organisms such as Proteus vulgaris or Staphylococcus)
- Uric acid = radiolucent
Disease/finding:
Late cyanotic shunt (uncorrected L → R becomes R → L)
Most common/important associations:
Eisenmenger's syndrome (caused by ASD, VSD, PDA; results in pulmonary hypertension/polycythemia)
Disease/finding:
Liver disease
Most common/important associations:
Alcoholic cirrhosis
Disease/finding:
Lysosomal storage disease
Most common/important associations:
Gaucher's disease
Disease/finding:
Male cancer
Most common/important associations:
Prostatic cancer
Disease/finding:
Malignancy associated with noninfectious fever
Most common/important associations:
Hodgkin's lymphoma
Disease/finding:
Malignant skin tumor
Most common/important associations:
Basal cell carcinoma (rarely metastasizes)
Disease/finding:
Mental retardation
Most common/important associations:
- Down syndrome
- Fragile X syndrome
Disease/finding:
Metastases to bone
Most common/important associations:
- Breast
- lung
- thyroid
- testes
- prostate
- kidney
Disease/finding:
Metastases to brain
Most common/important associations:
- Lung
- breast
- skin (melanoma)
- kidney (renal cell carcinoma)
- GI
Disease/finding:
Metastases to liver
Most common/important associations:
- colon carcinoma
- gastric carcinoma
- pancreatic carcinoma
- breast carcinoma
- lung carcinoma
Disease/finding:
Mitochondrial inheritance
Most common/important associations:
Disease occurs in both males and females, inherited through females only
Disease/finding:
Mitral valve stenosis
Most common/important associations:
Rheumatic heart disease
Disease/finding:
Mixed (UMN and LMN) motor neuron disease
Most common/important associations:
ALS
Disease/finding:
Myocarditis
Most common/important associations:
Coxsackie B
Disease/finding:
Neoplasm (kids)
Most common/important associations:
- ALL
- Cerebellar medulloblastoma
Disease/finding:
Nephrotic syndrome (adults)
Most common/important associations:
Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis
Disease/finding:
Nephrotic syndrome (kids)
Most common/important associations:
Minimal change disease (associated with infections/vaccinations; treat with corticosteroids)
Disease/finding:
Neuron migration failure
Most common/important associations:
Kallmann syndrome
Disease/finding:
Nosocomial pneumonia
Most common/important associations:
- Klebsiella
- E. coli
- Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Disease/finding:
Obstruction of male urinary tract
Most common/important associations:
BPH (benign prostatic hyperplasia)
Disease/finding:
Opening snap
Most common/important associations:
Mitral stenosis
Disease/finding:
Opportunistic infection in AIDS
Most common/important associations:
Pneumocystis jiroveci (formerly carinii) pneumonia
