USMLE Step 1: Clinical presentations
Clinical presentations
Clinical presentations
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Lernkarten
Disease/finding:
Bacterial meningitis (adults and elderly)
Most common/important associations:
N.meningitidis
Disease/finding:
Bacterial meningitis (newborns and kids)
Most common/important associations:
Group B streptococcus (newborns), S.pneumoniae/N.meningitidis (kids)
Disease/finding:
Benign melanocytic nevus
Most common/important associations:
Spitz nevus (most common in first two decades)
Disease/finding:
Bleeding disorder with GpIb deficiency
Most common/important associations:
Bernard-Soulier disease (defect in platelet adhesion to von Willebrand's factor)
Disease/finding:
Brain tumor (adults)
Most common/important associations:
Supratentorial: mets > astrocytoma (including glioblastoma multiforme) > meningioma > schwannoma
Disease/finding:
Brain tumor (kids)
Most common/important associations:
Infratentorial: medulloblastoma (cerebellum) or supratentorial: craniopharyngioma (cerebrum)
Disease/finding:
Breast cancer
Most common/important associations:
Infiltrating ductal carcinoma (in the US, 1 in 9 women will develop breast cancer)
Disease/finding:
Breast mass
Most common/important associations:
- Fibrocystic change
- Carcinoma (in postmenopausal women)
Disease/finding:
Breast tumor (benign)
Most common/important associations:
Fibroadenoma
Disease/finding:
Cardiac 1° tumor (kids)
Most common/important associations:
Rhabdomyoma, often seen in tuberous sclerosis
Disease/finding:
Cardiac manifestation of lupus
Most common/important associations:
Libman-Sacks endocarditis (nonbacterial, affecting both sides of mitral valve)
Disease/finding:
Cardiac tumor (adults)
Most common/important associations:
- Metastasis
- 1° myxoma (4:1 left to right atrium)
Disease/finding:
Cerebellar tonsillar herniation
Most common/important associations:
Chiari malformation (often presents with progressive hydrocephalus or syringomyelia)
Disease/finding:
Chronic arrhythmia
Most common/important associations:
Atrial fibrillation (associated with high risk of emboli)
Disease/finding:
Chronic atrophic gastritis (autoimmune)
Most common/important associations:
Predisposition to gastric carcinoma (can also cause pernicious anemia)
Disease/finding:
Clear cell adenocarcinoma of the vagina
Most common/important associations:
DES exposure in utero
Disease/common:
Compression fracture
Most common/important associations:
Osteoporosis (type 1: postmenopausal woman; type II: elderly man or woman)
Disease/finding:
Congenital adrenal hyperplasia, hypotension
Most common/important associations:
21-hydroxylase deficiency
Disease/finding:
Congenital cardiac anomaly
Most common/important associations:
VSD
Disease/finding:
Congenital conjugated hyperbilirubinemia (black liver)
Most common/important associations:
Dubin-Johnson syndrome (inability of hepatocytes to secrete conjugated bilirubin into bile)
Disease/finding:
Constrictive pericarditis
Most common/important associations:
Tuberculosis (developing world); SLE (developed world)
Disease/finding:
Coronary artery involved in thrombosis
Most common/important associations:
LAD (left anterior descending) > RCA > LCA
Disease/finding:
Cretinism
Most common/important associations:
Iodine deficit/hypothyroidism
Disease/finding:
Cushing's syndrome
Most common/important associations:
- Corticosteroid therapy
- Excess ACTH secretion by pituitary
- Small cell lung carcinoma
Disease/finding:
Cyanosis (early; less common)
Most common/important associations:
- Tetralogy of Fallot
- transposition of great vessels
- truncus arteriosus
Disease/finding:
Cyanosis (late; more common)
Most common/important associations:
- VSD
- ASD
- PDA
Disease/finding:
Death in CML
Most common/important associations:
Blast crisis
Disease/finding:
Death in SLE
Most common/important associations:
Lupus nephropathy
Disease/finding:
Dementia
Most common/important associations:
- Alzheimer's disease
- Multiple infarcts
Disease/finding:
Demyelinating disease in young women
Most common/important associations:
Multiple sclerosis
Disease/finding:
DIC
Most common/important associations:
- Gram-negative sepsis
- obstetric complications
- cancer
- burn trauma
Disease/finding:
Dietary deficit
Most common/important associations:
Iron
Disease/finding:
Diverticulum in pharynx
Most common/important associations:
Zenker's diverticulum (diagnosed by barium swallow)
Disease/finding:
Ejection click
Most common/important associations:
Aortic/pulmonic stenosis
Disease/finding:
Esophageal cancer
Most common/important associations:
Squamous cell carcinoma (worldwide); adenocarcinoma (US)
Disease/finding:
Food poisoning (exotoxin mediated)
Most common/important associations:
- S.aureus
- B.cereus
Disease/finding:
Glomerulonephritis (adults)
Most common/important associations:
Berger's disease (IgA nephropathy)
Disease/finding:
Gynecologic malignancy
Most common/important associations:
- Endometrial carcinoma (most common in US)
- cervical carcinoma (most common worldwide)
Disease/finding:
Heart murmur, congenital
Most common/important associations:
Mitral valve prolapse
Disease/finding:
Heart valve in bacterial endocarditis
Most common/important associations:
- Mitral (rheumatic fever)
- tricuspid (IV drug abuse)
- aortic (2nd affected in rheumatic fever)
