USMLE Step 1: Clinical presentations

Clinical presentations

Clinical presentations

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Mauro Vasella

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Mauro Vasella

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This flashcard set covers clinical presentations of various diseases and conditions at a university level. It focuses on diagnosing common diseases, syndromes, and tumors, along with their clinical and lab findings. Medical students and professionals will benefit from this set as it provides essential information for identifying and understanding different medical conditions.

Karten

445

Lernende

2

Sprache

Englisch

Kategorie

Medizin

Stufe

Universität

Erstellt / Aktualisiert

22.10.2013 / 12.04.2015

Ähnliche Karteien

Disease/finding:

SIADH

Most common/important associations:

Small cell carcinoma of the lung

Disease/finding:

Site of diverticula

Most common/important associations:

Sigmoid colon

Disease/finding:

Site of atherosclerosis

Most common/important associations:

Abdominal aorta > coronary > popliteal > carotid

Disease/finding:

Stomach cancer

Most common/important associations:

Adenocarcinoma

Disease/finding:

Stomach ulcerations and high gastrin levels

Most common/important associations:

Zollinger-Ellison syndrome (gastrinoma of duodenum or pancreas)

Disease/finding:

t(14;18)

Most common/important associations:

Follicular lymphomas (bcl-2 activation)

Disease/finding:

t(8;14)

Most common/important associations:

Burkitt's lymphoma (c-myc activation)

Disease/finding:

t(9;22)

Most common/important associations:

Philadelphia chromosome, CML (bcr-abl fusion)

Disease/finding:

Temporal arteritis

Most common/important associations:

Risk of ipsilateral blindness due to thrombosis of ophthalmic artery; polymyalgia rheumatica

Disease/finding:

Testicular tumor

Most common/important associations:

Seminoma

Disease/finding:

Thyroid cancer

Most common/important associations:

Papillary carcinoma

Disease/finding:

Tumor in women

Most common/important associations:

Leiomyoma (estrogen dependent, not precancerous)

Disease/finding:

Tumor of infancy

Most common/important associations:

Hemangioma (usually regresses spontaneously by childhood)

Disease/finding:

Tumor of the adrenal medulla (adults)

Most common/important associations:

Pheochromocytoma (usually benign)

Disease/finding:

Tumor of the adrenal medulla (kids)

Most common/important associations:

Neuroblastoma (malignant)

Disease/finding:

Type of Hodgkin's

Most common/important associations:

Nodular sclerosis (vs. mixed cellularity, lymphocytic, predominance, lymphocytic depletion)

Disease/finding:

Type of non-Hodgkin's

Most common/important associations:

Diffuse large cell

Disease/finding:

UTI

Most common/important associations:

E.coli
Staphylococcus saprophyticus (young women)

Disease/finding:

Viral encephalitis affecting temporal lobe

Most common/important associations:

HSV-1

Disease/finding:

Vitamin deficiency (US)

Most common/important associations:

Folic acid (pregnant women are at high risk; body stores only 3- to 4-month supply; prevents neural tube defects)

Clinical presentation:

Abdominal pain, ascites, hepatomegaly

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Diagnosis/disease:

Budd-Chiari syndrome (posthepatic venous thrombosis)

Clinical presentation:

Achilles tendon xanthoma

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Diagnosis/disease:

Familial hypercholesterolemia

Clinical presentation:

Adrenal hemorrhage, hypotension, DIC

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Diagnosis/disease:

Waterhouse-Friderichsen snydrome (meningococcemia)

Clinical presentation:

Arachnodactyly, lens dislocation, aortic dissection, hyperflexible joints

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Diagnosis/disease:

Marfan's syndrome (fibrillin defect)

Clinical presentation:

Athlete with polycythemia

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Diagnosis/disease:

Erythropoietin injection

Clinical presentation:

Back pain, fever, night sweats, weight loss

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Diagnosis/disease:

Pott's disease (vertebral tuberculosis)

Clinical presentation:

Bilateral hilar adenopathy, uveitis

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Diagnosis/disease:

Sarcoidosis (noncaseating granulomas)

Clinical presentation:

Blue sclera

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Diagnosis/disease:

Osteogenesis imperfecta (collagen defect)

Clinical presentation:

Bluish line on gingiva

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Diagnosis/disease:

Burton's line (lead poisoning)

Clinical presentation:

Bone pain, bone enlargement, arthritis

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Diagnosis/disease:

Paget's disease of bone (increased osteoblastic & osteoclastic activity)

Clinical presentation:

Bounding pulses, diastolic heart murmur, head bobbing

Diagnosis/disease:

Aortic regurgitation

Clinical presentation:

"Butterfly" facial rash and Raynaud's phenomenon in a young female

Diagnosis/disease:

Systemic lupus erythematosus

Clinical presentation:

Café-au-lait spots, Lisch nodules (iris hamartoma)

Diagnosis/disease:

Neurofibromatosis type I (+pheochromocytoma, optic gliomas)

Neurofibromatosis type II (+bilateral acoustic neuromas)

Clinical presentation:

Café-au-lait spots, polyostotic fibrous dysplasia, precocious puberty

Diagnosis/disease:

McCune-Albright syndrome (mosaic G-protein signaling mutation)

Clinical presentation:

Calf pseudohypertrophy

Diagnosis/disease:

Muscular dystrophy (most commonly Duchenne's): X-linked recessive deletion of dystrophin gene

Clinical presentation:

"Cherry-red spot" on macula

Diagnosis/disease:

Tay-Sachs (ganglioside accumulation) or Niemann-Pick (sphingomyelin accumulation)
central retinal artery occlusion

Clinical presentation:

Chest pain on exertion

Diagnosis/disease:

Angina (stable: moderate exertion; unstable: minimal exertion)

Clinical presentation:

Chest pain, pericardial effusion/friction rub, persistent fever following MI

Diagnosis/disease:

Dressler's syndrome (autoimmune-mediated post-MI fibrinous pericarditis, 1-12 weeks after acute episode)

Clinical presentation:

Child uses arms to stand up from squat

Diagnosis/disease:

Gowers' sign (Duchenne muscular dystrophy)

Clinical presentation:

Child with fever develops red rash on face that spreads to body

Diagnosis/disease:

"Slapped cheeks" (erythema infectiosum/fifth disease: parvovirus B19)

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Flashcards

Lab/diagnostic finding:

Anticentromere antibodies

Diagnosis/disease:

Scleroderma (CREST)

Lab/diagnostic finding:

Antidesmoglein (epithelial) antibodies

Diagnosis/disease:

Pemphigus vulgaris (blistering)

Lab/diagnostic finding:

Anti-glomerular basement membrane antibodies

Diagnosis/disease:

Goodpasture's syndrome (glomerulonephritis and hemoptysis)

Lab/diagnostic finding:

Antihistone antibodies

Diagnosis/disease:

Drug-induced SLE (hydralazine, isoniazid, phenytoin, procainamide)

Lab/diagnostic finding:

Anti-IgG antibodies

Diagnosis/disease:

Rheumatoid arthritis (systemic inflammation, joint pannus, boutonnière deformity)

Lab/diagnostic finding:

Antimitochondrial antibodies (AMAs)

Diagnosis/disease:

1° biliary cirrhosis (female, cholestasis, portal hypertension)

Lab/diagnostic finding:

Antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCAs)

Diagnosis/disease:

Vasculitis

c-ANCA: Wegener's
p-ANCA: microscopic polyangiits, Churg-Strauss syndrome

Lab/diagnostic finding:

Antinuclear antibodies (ANAs: anti-Smith and anti-dsDNA)

Diagnosis/disease:

SLE (type III hypersensitivity)

Lab/diagnostic finding:

Antiplatelet antibodies

Diagnosis/disease:

Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP)

Lab/diagnostic finding:

Anti-topoisomerase antibodies

Diagnosis/disease:

Diffuse systemic scleroderma

Lab/diagnostic finding:

Anti-transglutaminase/anti-gliadin/anti-endomysial antibodies

Diagnosis/disease:

Celiac disease

Lab/diagnostic finding:

"Apple core" lesion on abdominal x-ray

Diagnosis/disease:

Colorectal cancer (usually left-sided)

Lab/diagnostic finding:

Azurophilic granular needles in leukemic blasts

Diagnosis/disease:

Auer rods (acute myelogenous leukemia, especially the promyelocytic [M3] type)

Lab/diagnostic finding:

Bacitracin response

Diagnosis/disease:

Sensitive: Streptococcus pyogenes (group A)
resistant: Streptococcus agalactiae (group B)

Lab/diagnostic finding:

"Bambo spine" on x-ray

Diagnosis/disease:

Ankylosing spondylitis (chronic inflammatory arthritis: HLA-B27)

Lab/diagnostic finding:

Basophilic nuclear remnants in RBCs

Diagnosis/disease:

Howell-Jolly bodies (due to splenectomy or nonfunctional spleen)

Lab/diagnostic finding:

Basophilic stippling of RBCs

Diagnosis/disease:

Lead poisoning or sideroblastic anemia

Lab/diagnostic finding:

Bloody tap on lumbar puncture (LP)

Diagnosis/disease:

Subarachnoid hemorrhage

Lab/diagnostic finding:

"Boot-shaped" heart on x-ray

Diagnosis/disease:

Tetralogy of Fallot, RVH

Lab/diagnostic finding:

Branching gram-positive rods with sulfur granules

Diagnosis/disease:

Actinomyces israelii

Lab/diagnostic finding:

Bronchogenic apical lung tumor

Diagnosis/disease:

Pancoast tumor (can compress sympathetic ganglion and cause Horner's syndrome)

Lab/diagnostic finding:

"Brown" tumor of bone

Diagnosis/disease:

Hemorrhage (hemosiderin) causes brown color of osteolytic cysts; due to:

Hyperparathyroidism
Osteitis fibrosa cystica

Lab/diagnostic finding:

Cardiomegaly with apical atrophy

Diagnosis/disease:

Chagas' disease (Trypanosoma cruzi)

Lab/diagnostic finding:

Cellular crescents in Bowman's capsule

Diagnosis/disease:

Rapidly progressive crescentic glomerulonephritis

Lab/diagnostic finding:

"Chocolate cyst" of ovary

Diagnosis/disease:

Endometriosis (frequently involves both ovaries)

Lab/diagnostic finding:

Circular grouping of dark tumor cells surrounding pale neurofibrils

Diagnosis/disease:

Homer Wright rosettes (neuroblastoma, medulloblastoma, retinoblastoma)

Lab/diagnostic finding:

Colonies of mucoid Pseudomonas in lungs

Diagnosis/disease:

Cystic fibrosis (AR mutation to CFTR resulting in fat-soluble vitamin deficiency and mucous plugs)

Lab/diagnostic finding:

Decreased alpha-fetoprotein in amniotic fluid/maternal serum

Diagnosis/disease:

Down syndrome or other chromosomal abnormality

Lab/diagnostic finding:

Degeneration of dorsal column nerves

Diagnosis/disease:

Tabes dorsalis (3° syphilis)

Lab/diagnostic finding:

Depigmentation of neurons in substantia nigra

Diagnosis/disease:

Parkinson's disease (basal ganglia disorder: rigidity, resting tremor, bradykinesia)

Lab/diagnostic finding:

Desquamated epithelium casts in sputum

Diagnosis/disease:

Curschmann's spirals (bronchial asthma; can result in whorled mucous plugs)

Lab/diagnostic finding:

Disarrayed granulosa cells in eosinophilic fluid

Diagnosis/disease:

Call-Exner bodies (granulosa-theca cell tumor of the ovary)

Lab/diagnostic finding:

Dysplastic squamous cervical cells with nuclear enlargement and hyperchromasia

Diagnosis/disease:

Koilocytes (HPV: predisposes to cervical cancer)

Lab/diagnostic finding:

Enlarged cells with intranuclear inclusion bodies

Diagnosis/disease:

"Owl's-eye" appearance of CMV

Lab/diagnostic finding:

Enlarged thyroid cells with gound-glass nuclei

"Orphan Annie" eye nuclei (papillary carcinoma of the thyroid)

Lab/diagnostic finding:

Eosinophilic cytoplasmic inclusion in liver cell

Diagnosis/disease:

Mallory bodies (alcoholic liver disease)

Lab/diagnostic finding:

Eosinophilic cytoplasmic inclusion in nerve cell

Diagnosis/disease:

Lewy body (Parkinson's disease)

Lab/diagnostic finding:

Eosinophilic globule in liver

Diagnosis/disease:

Councilman body (toxic or viral hepatitis, often yellow fever)

Lab/diagnostic finding:

Eosinophilic inclusion bodies in cytoplasm of hippocampal nerve cells

Diagnosis/disease:

Rabies virus (Lyssavirus)

Lab/diagnostic finding:

Extracellular amyloid deposition in gray matter of brain

Diagnosis/disease:

Senile plaques (Alzheimer's disease)

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