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Lernkarten
Planning without Destination Alternate:
a) flight time doesn’t exceed xy hours
b) Ceiling xy or circling height + xy ft
Visibility: at least xy km (USA: xy SM)
Wind: xy
c) 2 separate usable runways
Planning without Destination Alternate:
a) flight time doesn’t exceed 6 hours
b) Ceiling 2000ft or circling height +500ft
Visibility: at least 5 km (USA: 3 SM)
Wind: limits
c) 2 separate usable runways
- If one is blocked, it wont prevent the other
- both rwy has a different approach based on own navig.
Planning with closed destination:
a)
b)
c)
Planning with closed destination:
a) flight route vi aoverhead
b) two DEST ALTN are planned
c) higher quantity of alternate fuel is considered
FR Final reserve for piston engines: xy minutes with holding speed at xy ft in standard conditions at the estimated landing mass on arrival at the alternate destination
FR Final reserve for piston engines: 45 minutes with holding speed at 1500 ft in standard conditions at the estimated landing mass on arrival at the alternate destination
Additional Fuel with Destination Alternate (ADDE):
• Additional Fuel with Destination Alternate (ADDE): Not applicable for SAT operations
Additional Fuel without Destination Alternate (ADDNAR):
• Additional Fuel without Destination Alternate (ADDNAR):15 min holding at 1500 ft overhead
ACT:
• ACT: Actual Fuel o board after fuelling is completed
Fuel check periods: a-d
Fuel check periods:
a) before leaving the tarmac
b)before take off
c) over checkpoints or at 30 minutes intervals
d) upon arrival at the tarmac
Replanning:
a) a new destination
b) a significant deviation from the planned route occurs which cannot be covered with the remaining contingency fuel
Replanning:
a) a new destination
b) a significant deviation from the planned route occurs which cannot be covered with the remaining contingency fuel
Diversion:
- Diversion: continuation to any alternate aerodrome
Traffic load:
- Traffic load: passengers, baggage, cargo and mail including nonrevenue loads (keinen Ertrag erbringen)
- Avgas:
- JET A1:
- Avgas: 0.71 kg/litre
- JET A1: 0.80 kg/litre
Documents on board
Documents on board:
a) certificate of registration
b) Certificate of airworthiness
c) noise certificate
d) airplane station license
Flight planes you must make if a-d:
- Flight planes:
a) flight to be provided (vorausgesetzt) with ATS
b) IFR flights
c) when required by the authorities
d) flight across international borders
Autopilot: Prohibited below xy ft except in approach mode
- Autopilot: Prohibited below 800 ft except in approach mode
Airborne radar: is not be used for
- Airborne radar: is not be used for terrain avoidance
Barometric climb, cruise:
Barometric climb, cruise: standard setting at least when claiming through the transition altitude
Barometric descent, approach: on altitude (xy) => must be verified with the ATC
Barometric descent, approach: on altitude (QNH) => must be verified with the ATC
QNH outside range:
QNH outside range: lower limit is never restricting => an exceedance of the upper limit has been observed on rare occasions èaltimeter setting at the highest possible level
3 Turbulence:
3 Turbulence: Light moderate severe
Wind shear:
==> Wind shear alters the xy
- Wind shear: local variation of wind velocity in a given (but changeable) direction
- Wind shear alters the lift force
- Increasing performance shear: increasing yx / decreasing xy
- Increasing performance shear: increasing headwind/ decreasing tailwind
Decreasing performance shear: decreasing xy/ increasing xy
Decreasing performance shear: decreasing headwind/ increasing tailwind
Convective Turbulence: thermalxy => extreme air motion such as up- and downdrafts up to xy ft/min
- Convective Turbulence: thermal instability => extreme air motion such as up- and downdrafts up to 6000 ft/mi
Orographic Turbulence:
Orographic Turbulence: a standing wave
Clear Air Turbulence:
=> upper side of xy
==> pilot reports but on different aerodormes low-level wind shear alert systems
==> Wind shear occur at some considerable xy from weather
•Clear Air Turbulence: abrupt changes of wind direction in a sharp through line
⇒ upper side of a sloping tropopause
⇒ pilot reports but on different aerodormes low-level wind shear alert systems
⇒ Wind shear occur at some considerable distance from w
Microbursts:
• Microbursts: less than 4 km diameter => Virga = down flow precipitation evaporating before reaching the ground
Temperature inversions:
• Temperature inversions: decrease in engine power resulting from the rise in temperature
Wind shear indicators: ==> a-d
==> avoid pitch down when airspeed decreases and hold pitch until reaching V2
Wind shear indicators:
a) thunderstorms at distance of 15 NM or less
b) frontal speed exceeding 30 kt
c) clouds with high surface temperatures and large dew point spread
d) strong temperature inversions
==> avoid pitch down when airspeed decreases and hold pitch until reaching V2
Avoidance of Wind shear:
•Avoidance of Wind shear: above 10’000 ft , above CB
Set power (Wind shear): do xy change it unless required by large and/or persistent airspeed or altitude variations
==> DO NOT xy AIRSPEED/Altitude
==> MAINTAIN xy ATTITUDE
Set power (Wind shear): do not change it unless required by large and/or persistent airspeed or altitude variations
==>DO NOT CHASE AIRSPEED/Altitude
==> MAINTAIN constant ATTITUDE
Wake turbulence:
• Wake turbulence: consists of a pair of vortices trailing from the wingtips of an airplane => Caused by differential pressure between the top and bottom surface of the lift-producing wing
Strongest wake turbulence: xy NM behind a heavy Airplane
• Strongest wake turbulence: 3 NM behind a heavy Airplane
Airborne: bezogen auf wake turbulence
• Airborne: Position well before the heavy airplane lifts off and land after heavy airplane
Wake turbulence: Only generated when
• Wake turbulence: Only generated when the wing of the airplane produces lift
Ice: xy stall speed + make wider turns than normal if ice is suspected on the airplane
Ice: increasing stall speed + make wider turns than normal if ice is suspected on the airplane
- TAS: ATC information could be incomplete => Looking out why?
TAS: ATC information could be incomplete => Looking out ⇒ Not all traffic is displayed
Bank angle: max. xy Bank under IFR
• Bank angle: max. 30 Bank under IFR
No RVR = was macht man
• No RVR = counting the number of visible edge or centreline lights => must be reported to the tower
Line up: a + b
• Line up: check heading + the tires do not remain in contact with CLL (centre line lights
V1, Vr, V2: called out by ?
• V1, Vr, V2: called out by the pilot (multicrew pilot not flying)
