Pilotenausbildung "Human Performance - Eye"

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These flashcards cover the basics of human vision and its relevance to piloting, aimed at primary school students. They explore key concepts like light, vision, and the eye, focusing on how pilots perceive runways, objects, and illusions during flight. The flashcard set delves into the structure and function of the eye, including the retina, lens, and adaptation to light and dark. It also covers common visual illusions pilots may encounter, such as the autokinetic phenomenon and the black hole effect. Aspiring pilots and aviation enthusiasts will find this flashcard set particularly useful for understanding the visual challenges and adaptations required in aviation.

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English

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The time required for complete adaptation is

for day and night: 30 min

for high levels of illumination 10 minutes and for low levels of illumination 30 minutes

for high levels of illumination 10 sec and for full dark adaptation 30 min

for night 10 sec and for day 30 min

The requirement of good sunglasses is to

eliminate distortion in aircraft windshields

fit to the pilots individual taste

absorb enough visible light to eliminate glare without decreasing visual acuity, absorb UV and IR radiation and absorb all colors equally

increase the time for dark adaptation

Why does a deficiency in vitamin A cause night-blindness?

Vitamin A deficiency interrupts the oxygen supply to the photosensitive cells

Accomodation is destroyed

Vitamin A is essential to the regeneration of visual purple

The transfer of light stimulus from the rods to a nerve impulse depends on vitamin A

Scanning at night should be performed by:

avoiding food containing Vitamin A

scanning with one eye open

concentrated fixation on an object (image must fall on the fovea centralis)

slight eye movements to the side of the object

Approaches at night without visual references on the ground and no landing aids (e.g. VASIS) can make the pilot believe of beeing

higher than actual altitude with the risk of overshooting

higher than actual altitude with the risk of landing short ("ducking under")

lower than actual altitude with the risk of overshooting

lower than actual altitude with the risk of ducking under

A pilot is used to land on wide runways only. When approaching a smaller and/or narrower runway, the pilot may feel he is at a

greater height and the impression of landing short

lower than actual height with the tendency to overshoot

greater height than he actually is with the tendency to land short

lower height and the impression of landing slow

Flickering light when reflected from spinning rotor blades

can cause spatial disorientation and/or nausea, when looked at for a longer period of time

can be neglected

can be avoided when the strobe-lights are switched on

should be avoided, because it may destroy the optical nerve

A pilot approaching a runway which is narrower than normal may feel he is at a greater height than he actually is. To compensate he may fly a

higher than normal approach with the tendency to overshoot

compensatory glide path and land long

compensatory glide path and stall out

flatter than normal approach with the tendency to undershoot

What impression do you have when outside references are fading away (e.g. fog, darkness, snow and vapor)?

Objects seem to be much bigger than in reality

Objects seem to be closer than in reality

It is difficult to determine the size and speed of objects

There is no difference compared with flying on a clear and sunny day

Hypoxia will effect night vision

at 5000 FT

less than day vision

and causes the autokinetic phenomena

and causes hyperventilation

The effect of hypoxia to vision

can only be detected when smoking tobacco

is usual stronger with the cones

is stronger with the rods

does not depend on the level of illumination

What does not impair the function of the photosensitive cells?

Toxic influence (alcohol, nicotine, medication)

Oxygen deficiency

Acceleration

Fast speed

The fovea centralis is

the area of best day vision and best night vision

the area of the blind spot (optic disc)

where the optic nerves come together with the pupil

the area of best day vision and no night vision at all

The retina of the eye

only regulates the light that falls into the eye

filters the UV-light

is the muscle, changing the size of the crystalline lens

is the light-sensitive inner lining of the eye containing the photoreceptors essential for vision

What should a pilot do if he has no information about the dimensions of the runway and the condition of the terrain underneath the approach? He should

make a visual approach and call the tower for assistance

be aware that approaches over downsloping terrain will make him believe that he is higher than actual

make an instrument approach and be aware of the illusory effects that can be induced

be aware that approaches over water always make the pilot feel that he is lower than actual height

Hypoxia effects visual performance.

A pilot may:

get blurred and/or tunnel vision

have a reduction of 25% in visual acuity at 8000 FT AGL

be unable to maintain piercing vision below 5000 FT AGL

get colour blindness accompanied by severe headache

When flying at night the first sense to be affected by a slight degree of hypoxia is the

proprioceptive sensitivity

cochlea

sense of balance

vision

The part(s) of the eye responsible for night vision

are rods and cones

are the cones

are the rods

is the cornea

The fovea

is an area in which rods predominate

is sensitive to very low intensities of light

is an area in which cones predominate

is the area responsible for night vision

When the optical image forms in front of the retina; we are talking about

presbyopia

hypermetropia

myopia

Astigmatism

During flight in IMC, the most reliable sense which should be used to overcome illusions is the:

vestibular sense

"Seat-of-the-pants-Sense"

visual sense, interpreting the attitude indicator

visual sense by looking outside

In the absence of external reference points, the sensation that the vehicle in which you sitting is moving when it is in fact the vehicle directly alongside which is moving is called :

cognitive illusion

autokinetic illusion

illusion of relative movement

somato-gravic illusion

The retina allows for the acquisition of colours as a result of the:

crystalline lens

rods located in its central part

cones located in its central part

rods located in its peripheral zone

The phenomenon of accommodation, which enables a clear image to be obtained, is accomplished by which of the following ?

The retina

The rods

The cones

The crystalline lens

We know that, in the mechanism of sight, the retina allows for :

the acquisition of the visual signal and its coding into physiological data

the acquisition of the visual signal and the accommodation process

binocular vision

the analysis of visual signals

Rods (scotopic visual cells) allow for :

Precise vision of contours and colours

good, virtually instantaneous night-vision (scotopic vision)

good night-vision after adaptation to darkness (30 min)

red vision, both during the day and at night

Visual perception of depth at close to medium distance is primarily due to

interactions between cones and rods

binocular vision

peripheral vision

the high sensitivity of the retina

Autokinetic illusion is:

an illusion in which a stationary point of light, if stared at for several seconds in the dark, may - without a frame of reference - appear to move

the sensation during a radial acceleration of seeing a fixed reference point moving into the opposite direction of the acceleration

a conflict between the visual system and bodily sensations

poor interpretation of the surrounding world

Rising the perceptual threshold of a sensory organ means:

a lesser selectivity

a greater sensitivity

a greater selectivity

a lesser sensitivity

The amount of light which strikes the retina is controlled by:

the lens

the ciliary body

the cornea

the pupil

When focussing on near objects:

the shape of lens gets flatter

the shape of lens gets more spherical

the cornea gets smaller

the pupil gets larger

The ability of the lens to change its shape is called:

adaptation

binocular vision

depth perception

accomodation

The mechanism of accommodation is caused by:

the functioning of the muscles of the eye

the elasticity of the optic nerves

the functioning of the ciliary muscle aroud the lens

the diameter of the pupil

Presbyopia is:

myopia

short sightedness

far sightedness linked with age

high intraocular pressure

Visual acuity during flight at high altitudes can be affected by:

1. anaemia

2. smoking in the cockpit

3. carbon monoxide poisoning

4. hypoxia

1,3 and 4 are correct

1,2 and 3 are correct

2,3 and 4 are correct

1, 2, 3 and 4 are correct

Glaucoma

1. can lead to total blindness

2. can lead to undetected reduction of the visual field

3. reduces visual acuity in its final stage

1 is correct, 2 and 3 are false

1 and 3 are correct, 2 is false

2 and 3 are correct, 1 is false

1, 2 and 3 are correct

Glaucoma is:

disturbed adaptation

disturbed colour vision

high intra-ocular pressure

disturbed night vision

Glaucoma is characterised by:

1. disturbed light adaptation

2. progressive narrowing of the visual field

3. insidious onset and concealed progression

4. an increase in intra-ocular pressure

2, 3 and 4 are correct ,1 is false

1, 2, 3 and 4 are correct

1, 2 and 3 are correct, 4 is false

1, 3 and 4 are correct, 2 is false

The peripheral vision is important for:

colour vision

visual acuity

binocular vision

detecting moving objects

Although we have a field of vision of more than 180° it is important during flight to use the scan ning technique, because

it is tiring to look continually in the same direction

only in the foveal area resolution is good enough to see an object clearly

only in the peripheral area of the retina resolution is good enough to see an object clearly

the reduction in the field of vision with decreasing altitude is due to a lack of vitamin A

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Pilotenausbildung "Human Performance - Eye"

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