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Faba bean = Field bean: Latin name, utilization, climate
Vicia faba
- Animal feed (kernels, whole plant silage)
- Human nutrition
- temperate climate
Pea: latin name, utilization, ideotypes
Pisum sativum
- green or mature seed for human nutrition
- seeds or whole plant for animal nutrition
semi-leafless: less suceptible to lodging
White clover: latin name, characteristic
Trifolium repens
- creeping habit > grazin resistant
Red clover: latin name, characteristics
Trifolum pratense
- not grazing resistant (>grass mixture)
- deep tap root
- critical: strong winter
Alfalfa = Lucerne: latin Name, characteristics, climate
Medicago sativa
- high protein content
- high yield
- deep tap root
- continetal climate (winter frost, summer dryness)
Characteristics of grain legumes: untilization, development stage at harvest
- cropped for their seeds
- harvested at maturity
- cropped for human or animal nutrition
- rich in protein and energy
Characteristics of forage legumes: utilization, development stage at harvest, cropping system, growing time
- Whole crop can be fed to animals // green manure
- Harvested before maturity
- Often grwon in mixtures (>>better grazing compensation)
- Grazing or sequential cutting (1-4/year)
- Not self-compatible: break (~5 years)
When is Rizobia inoculation done and how?
Especially if legumes are planted for the first time
>> solid or water suspension
>> seed or soil application
Process of N fixation
1.) Legume roots release Flavonoids as signal
2.) Flavonoids induces expresstion of nodulation genes in the bacteria
3.) Production of species-specific Nod-factor molecules
4.) Nod factor induces nodulate formation and root curling
5.) Bacteria can invade the root hair >> plant provides Malate for bacteria as energy supply > Bacteria releases NH3
Name some common catch crops
Phacelia: phacelia tanacetifolia
Mustard: Sinapis alba
Oil radish: Raphanus sativus
Short Portraits fo main crops from central Europe
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Problems of Oilseed Rape production
- Low N availability after cereal straw input (relativly high N demand)
- Seed dispersal at harvest >> volunteers (long dormancy)
- Fungal diseases
- Damage by insects
- Low frost tolerance (better with lower crop density)
- Sowing time (farmer is busy)
- Menchanical weed control causes weed damage (not very problematic)
Advantages of Oilseed Rape production
- Brings diversity into the rotation
- 11 month soil cover >>prevents from leaching
- Attractive for pollinators
Yield and Yield components of Oilseed Rape
around 4t/ha
- Plants/m2
- Pods/plant
- Seeds/pod
- TKM
Latin name: Couch grass
Elymus repens
Latin name: Field horse tail
Equisetum arvense
Latin name: Canada thisle
Cirsium arvense
Latin name: Dock
Rumex
Latin name: Chamomle
Matricaria chmomilla
Poppy
Papaver rhoeas
R: Plant organs and input/output (pic)
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Difference between plant growth and plant development
Plant growth = increase in plant biomass
Plant development = life cycle / different life stages of a plant (vegetative --> reproductive)
vegetative and reproductive plant parts which are harvested
vegetative: tubers, biomass
reproductive: grains
Growth factors of a plant
- light (intensity)
- temperature
- water
- nutrients
- CO2
Development factors of a plant
- light (wave length, photoperiodism=duration)
- temperature (vernalization (vegetative>>reproductive), come plants need cool temperature)
(- water: germination)
Different seed sturctures
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Difference between germination and emergence
Germination: Processes start in the seed, enzymes are activated, first root is 2mm
Emergence: Once you can see a part of the plant (above the soil)
What is preferred? Fast or slow emergence? Why?
Fast
- better competiveness against weeds
- fast resistance against pest and diseases
- homogenous plant stand
Life cycle of a plant
time periods can vary
Name two selfpollinativ crops
tomatoes, rapeseed
Yiel differences between conventional and organic cereals
~1/3 less in organic
e.g. wheat in EU 7-8t/ha in conv, 4-6t/ha in org.
What is a hybrid variety?
A cross between two lines >> heterosis effects (higher yield)
R: Differences between sugar beets and sugar cane
sugar beet: - high input required (>> nearly no org.)
sugar cane: -lower sugar contens
- on the same field for several years (perennial)
total sugar yield is the same
Where are most of the cereals originated from?
the middle east
Development stages of wheat I
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Development stages of wheat II
1. Leaf develoment, tillering(, winter dormant)
2. Stem elongation
3. Booting (ear develoment in the stem)
4. Heading and flowering
5. Grain development
R: Development stages of maize
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Relationship: crop density <<>> yield, straw
amount of grains decreases (only the strongest tillers develop ears)
What is the harvest index?
HI = harvested part (grains) / total above ground biomass
Ideotype of an organic and an conventional plant
conventional:
- fat and short stem (applying stem shortener)
- big ears
- small rooting system (nutrients easily available)
- erectophil leafs
organic:
- longer stem (using the stem > straw, risk: lodging, reduce fungi/soilborn diseases)
- more planophil leafes >> weed suppression
- more space inbetween >> lower intrespecific competition
- wider root system >> better nutrient uptake
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What is false seed bed preparation?
> harrow before sowing
> weed seeds germinate
> plants are removed
> sowing
Weed control conv. vs. organic
conv.: presowing: gylphosate (unselective herbicide) >> post-sowing: selective herbicide
org.: pre-sowing (seed-beed-prearation) >>> pre-emergence: blind harrow >> post emergance: hoe, harrow
Wheat classes and their use
A + E for bread making
B in mixture also for bread making
Ck for Cookies
Correlation between protein content and yield
high yield >>> low protein content
correlation row distance and protein content
higher row distance >> higher protein content
Quality criteria for cereals
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Which mycotoxins do you know? Which problems do they cause?
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How to avoid Fusariummycotoxins in Organic Farming
(No fungicides permitted!)
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Why using hybrids? + Negative aspect
Heterosis: F1 generation does outperform the parents (herosis)
disadvantage: F2 is very diverse
Breeding types of plants
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Breeding types of plants
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Buying seeds vs. reusing seeds
Reusing: (-) seeds need to be prepared (cleaning etc.)
(-) fee must be paid to the breeding company
maize and sugarbeet are usually grown as hybrids
What are semi-dwarf varieties? Are they suitable for organic farming?
Extra short varieties. POROBLEM: soil born diseases
Why making tillage?
- land clearing
- weed control
- seed bed preparation
- root penetration
- water drainage
- aeration
What is this?
Spring tine cultivator / chisel plough
What is this?
A harrow: used to make the upper soil layer finer
Tillag events (conventional tillage)
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Conventional tillage (Stubble tillage)
Coltivator, harrows
>> Lossening and mixing (10-20cm)
>> Weed and volunteer contole, incooperation of residues, stops evaporation, seadbed preparation for catch crop
Primary Tillage: Implement + Operation + Effect
Plough
>>Inversion and loosening of the soil
>> weed control, increased mineralization, incooperating of residues or manure
Seedbed preparation
Harrow
>> crumbling, consolidating (festigen
>> water and oxygen supply for germination, physical growing conditions for seedlings
Possible negative effects of ploughing
- erosion
- disturbance of soil organisms
- deep layer with crop residues
- crusting
Advantages and disadvantages of Conventional Tillage (with moldboard plough)
+ enhances mineralization
+ effective weed control
- higher erosion
- reduces SOM
- disturbance of soil organisms
- crusting
- labour and energy consuming
What is conservation tillage? + Events on the fields
> 30% of the soil is covered with mulch
Implement, Operation and Effect of stubble tilage, primary tiallage and seedbed preparation in conservation tillage
primary tillage with rigid tine cultivator
Event in zero-tillage / direct seeding
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What is false seedbed preparation?
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Why three years of clover grass?
- In the first year clover is less competetive >> longer for good weed suppression
- implementation of a good plant stand takes time >> can be used for feed
- better N fixation
N Mineralization curve
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Vertical distribution of (weed) seeds in the soil by tillage
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R: Options for reduced tillage in OF I
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R: Options for reduced tillage in OF II
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Advantages of conservation tillage
+ better soil sturcture
+ lessen energy and labour required
+ carbon sequestration
+ water storage
+ more soil life activity
+ better trafficability (low compaction)
- less aeration
- higher weed pressure
- reduced mineralization
Quality criteria of cereals
Product quality
-Sensory properties: colour, scent, flavour
-Nutrient value: carbohydrates, protein, fat, fibre, minerals
-Food safety: absence of residues from pesticides, heavy metals, mycotoxins
Technical quality(processing): depending on use:
milling, bread making quality, starch, protein
Emotional quality
-Absence of GMOs
-Environmental protection
-Animal welfare
Aims and restrictions of organic wheat production
Aims
-High bread making quality
-Control and increase of N-supply
-Healthy plants/low mycotoxin content
Restrictions in organic farming
-Nearly no readily available N-fertilizers
-Poor control of timing of N-mineralization
-No chemical-synthetic fungicides
Maycotoxins of fusarium ssp
•DON: Deoxynivanelol
•ZEA: Zearalenone
Mycotoxin levels in organic vs. conventional
no clear tendency
Give reasons why organic wheat is not more mycotoxin infected than conventional wheat, although fungicides are not permitted.
Reasons
-Soil inversion by the mouldboard plough
-Long crop rotation
-Fast maturation of organic wheat compared to conventional wheat
