.
Faba bean = Field bean: Latin name, utilization, climate
Vicia faba
- Animal feed (kernels, whole plant silage)
- Human nutrition
- temperate climate
Pea: latin name, utilization, ideotypes
Pisum sativum
- green or mature seed for human nutrition
- seeds or whole plant for animal nutrition
semi-leafless: less suceptible to lodging
White clover: latin name, characteristic
Trifolium repens
- creeping habit > grazin resistant
Red clover: latin name, characteristics
Trifolum pratense
- not grazing resistant (>grass mixture)
- deep tap root
- critical: strong winter
Alfalfa = Lucerne: latin Name, characteristics, climate
Medicago sativa
- high protein content
- high yield
- deep tap root
- continetal climate (winter frost, summer dryness)
Characteristics of grain legumes: untilization, development stage at harvest
- cropped for their seeds
- harvested at maturity
- cropped for human or animal nutrition
- rich in protein and energy
Characteristics of forage legumes: utilization, development stage at harvest, cropping system, growing time
- Whole crop can be fed to animals // green manure
- Harvested before maturity
- Often grwon in mixtures (>>better grazing compensation)
- Grazing or sequential cutting (1-4/year)
- Not self-compatible: break (~5 years)
When is Rizobia inoculation done and how?
Especially if legumes are planted for the first time
>> solid or water suspension
>> seed or soil application
Process of N fixation
1.) Legume roots release Flavonoids as signal
2.) Flavonoids induces expresstion of nodulation genes in the bacteria
3.) Production of species-specific Nod-factor molecules
4.) Nod factor induces nodulate formation and root curling
5.) Bacteria can invade the root hair >> plant provides Malate for bacteria as energy supply > Bacteria releases NH3
Name some common catch crops
Phacelia: phacelia tanacetifolia
Mustard: Sinapis alba
Oil radish: Raphanus sativus
Short Portraits fo main crops from central Europe
.
Problems of Oilseed Rape production
- Low N availability after cereal straw input (relativly high N demand)
- Seed dispersal at harvest >> volunteers (long dormancy)
- Fungal diseases
- Damage by insects
- Low frost tolerance (better with lower crop density)
- Sowing time (farmer is busy)
- Menchanical weed control causes weed damage (not very problematic)
Advantages of Oilseed Rape production
- Brings diversity into the rotation
- 11 month soil cover >>prevents from leaching
- Attractive for pollinators
Yield and Yield components of Oilseed Rape
around 4t/ha
- Plants/m2
- Pods/plant
- Seeds/pod
- TKM
Latin name: Couch grass
Elymus repens
Latin name: Field horse tail
Equisetum arvense
Latin name: Canada thisle
Cirsium arvense
Latin name: Dock
Rumex
Latin name: Chamomle
Matricaria chmomilla
Poppy
Papaver rhoeas
R: Plant organs and input/output (pic)
.
Difference between plant growth and plant development
Plant growth = increase in plant biomass
Plant development = life cycle / different life stages of a plant (vegetative --> reproductive)
vegetative and reproductive plant parts which are harvested
vegetative: tubers, biomass
reproductive: grains
Growth factors of a plant
- light (intensity)
- temperature
- water
- nutrients
- CO2
Development factors of a plant
- light (wave length, photoperiodism=duration)
- temperature (vernalization (vegetative>>reproductive), come plants need cool temperature)
(- water: germination)
Different seed sturctures
.
Difference between germination and emergence
Germination: Processes start in the seed, enzymes are activated, first root is 2mm
Emergence: Once you can see a part of the plant (above the soil)
What is preferred? Fast or slow emergence? Why?
Fast
- better competiveness against weeds
- fast resistance against pest and diseases
- homogenous plant stand
Life cycle of a plant
time periods can vary
Name two selfpollinativ crops
tomatoes, rapeseed
Yiel differences between conventional and organic cereals
~1/3 less in organic
e.g. wheat in EU 7-8t/ha in conv, 4-6t/ha in org.
What is a hybrid variety?
A cross between two lines >> heterosis effects (higher yield)
R: Differences between sugar beets and sugar cane
sugar beet: - high input required (>> nearly no org.)
sugar cane: -lower sugar contens
- on the same field for several years (perennial)
total sugar yield is the same
Where are most of the cereals originated from?
the middle east
Development stages of wheat I
.
Development stages of wheat II
1. Leaf develoment, tillering(, winter dormant)
2. Stem elongation
3. Booting (ear develoment in the stem)
4. Heading and flowering
5. Grain development
R: Development stages of maize
.
Relationship: crop density <<>> yield, straw
amount of grains decreases (only the strongest tillers develop ears)
What is the harvest index?
HI = harvested part (grains) / total above ground biomass
Ideotype of an organic and an conventional plant
conventional:
- fat and short stem (applying stem shortener)
- big ears
- small rooting system (nutrients easily available)
- erectophil leafs
organic:
- longer stem (using the stem > straw, risk: lodging, reduce fungi/soilborn diseases)
- more planophil leafes >> weed suppression
- more space inbetween >> lower intrespecific competition
- wider root system >> better nutrient uptake
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Lernkarten
Major problems for grain legume prodcution
- frost after sowing
- high temperature at flowering
- rainfall at maturity
- low economic competetiveness
Weed management
(-) Pulses have low competetiveness
harrow: requires sufficient crop development, weeds need to be samll
hoe: only in the row, imrpoving soil structure
Differnet sowing depths for grain legumes
deep: 5-7cm for hypogeal (cotyledons stay below the ground)
shallow: 2-4cm epigeal (cotyledons emerge)
Pic: Tim Fehr
Sowing date for grain legumes
Temp: >0C for germination, low <0 tolerated
early in spring
(+) higher yield potential
late in spring
(+) false seed bed preparation possible
(-) risk: late ripening, lower yield
Soybean: latin name, utilization, climate
Glycine may
- Oil
- animal feed (crush grain), toasting required
- human nutrition
- hot climate
Faba bean = Field bean: Latin name, utilization, climate
Vicia faba
- Animal feed (kernels, whole plant silage)
- Human nutrition
- temperate climate
Pea: latin name, utilization, ideotypes
Pisum sativum
- green or mature seed for human nutrition
- seeds or whole plant for animal nutrition
semi-leafless: less suceptible to lodging
White clover: latin name, characteristic
Trifolium repens
- creeping habit > grazin resistant
Red clover: latin name, characteristics
Trifolum pratense
- not grazing resistant (>grass mixture)
- deep tap root
- critical: strong winter
Alfalfa = Lucerne: latin Name, characteristics, climate
Medicago sativa
- high protein content
- high yield
- deep tap root
- continetal climate (winter frost, summer dryness)
Characteristics of grain legumes: untilization, development stage at harvest
- cropped for their seeds
- harvested at maturity
- cropped for human or animal nutrition
- rich in protein and energy
Characteristics of forage legumes: utilization, development stage at harvest, cropping system, growing time
- Whole crop can be fed to animals // green manure
- Harvested before maturity
- Often grwon in mixtures (>>better grazing compensation)
- Grazing or sequential cutting (1-4/year)
- Not self-compatible: break (~5 years)
When is Rizobia inoculation done and how?
Especially if legumes are planted for the first time
>> solid or water suspension
>> seed or soil application
Process of N fixation
1.) Legume roots release Flavonoids as signal
2.) Flavonoids induces expresstion of nodulation genes in the bacteria
3.) Production of species-specific Nod-factor molecules
4.) Nod factor induces nodulate formation and root curling
5.) Bacteria can invade the root hair >> plant provides Malate for bacteria as energy supply > Bacteria releases NH3
Name some common catch crops
Phacelia: phacelia tanacetifolia
Mustard: Sinapis alba
Oil radish: Raphanus sativus
Short Portraits fo main crops from central Europe
.
Problems of Oilseed Rape production
- Low N availability after cereal straw input (relativly high N demand)
- Seed dispersal at harvest >> volunteers (long dormancy)
- Fungal diseases
- Damage by insects
- Low frost tolerance (better with lower crop density)
- Sowing time (farmer is busy)
- Menchanical weed control causes weed damage (not very problematic)
Advantages of Oilseed Rape production
- Brings diversity into the rotation
- 11 month soil cover >>prevents from leaching
- Attractive for pollinators
Yield and Yield components of Oilseed Rape
around 4t/ha
- Plants/m2
- Pods/plant
- Seeds/pod
- TKM
Latin name: Couch grass
Elymus repens
Latin name: Field horse tail
Equisetum arvense
Latin name: Canada thisle
Cirsium arvense
Latin name: Dock
Rumex
Latin name: Chamomle
Matricaria chmomilla
Poppy
Papaver rhoeas
