linguistics

pair of membrans streched across the larynx

mechanism that produces an air stream that is pushed up from the lungs and leaves the body through the mouth or nose

• egressive "towards the outside"
• pulmonic "from the lungs"

organs of speech

• active articulators-Moveable (lips, tongue, lower teeth..)
• passive articulators- non moveable (Alveolar ridge, upper teeth, hard palate, velum...)

are produced without obstruction of the air stream

are produced with an obstruction of the air stream

• manner
• place
• voicing

• stops/plosives (airflow is stopped/short moment of complete closure before it comes out) 

  [p], [t], [k] are voiceless plosives.

  [b], [d], [ɡ] are voiced plosives.

  [ʔ] is a glottal stop which is made in the throat.

• fricatives (continious air flow, airflow obstructed, only narrow passage which air can escape ->audible friction)
• affricates (stoppage of airflow, prolonged release with narrow opening-> audible friction)
• approximants (no complete closure, enough space for air to pass without audible frition)

1. liquids
2. glides/ semi vowels
3. lateral vs. cenral

• nasals (air escapes through nose)

where is a sound produced

bilabial (involving both lips <b>

alveolar (with an obstruction at the alveolar ridge) <d>

• vocal folds wide apart -> no vibration, normal breathing and voiceless sound
• vocal folds close enough to start vibrating when air passes through-> voiced

almost always voiced, no obstruction but modulation of air  stream

-> new criteria: The height of the body of the tongue (high/ low and front back dimension)

height og tongue

position in mouth

position of lips

vowel length

in relationship to one another (long means longer than the other ones)

REpresentation of vowels depending on where  our tongue is, different vowels come out of our mouths (vowel quadrangle)

simple vowels

quality remains mostly constant throughout the pronunciation of sound

gliding vowels

change quality during articulation, i.e move from one vowel position to anonthr

sounds like 2 sounds but is only one symbol

• closing ( tongue gets closer, moves up): moves towards a high/close position towards the end of articulation
• centering (RP): moves towards a central position towards the end of articulation

• rhotic dialect (GA), Non-rhotic dialect (RP)- (no "R"); after a vowel, the r is not pronounced
• post-vocalic /r/, as in beer
• /ae/ before voiceless fricatives and nasals in GA
• the cot-caight merger in GA

system behind the sounds

study of:

• abstract categories that organize the sound of system
• sound inventory
• function and (mental) organization of the sound inventory