Kinesiology of PE
Chapter 1: Foundations of Structural Kinesiology
Chapter 1: Foundations of Structural Kinesiology
Radioulnar movements
Supination
Externally rotating the radius in the tranverse plane so that it lies parallel to the ulna resulting in the palm-up position of the forearm
Shoulder Girdle (scapulothoracic) movements
Depression
Inferior movement of the shoulder girdle in the frontal plane.
Ex: Returning to the normal position from a shoulder shrug.
Shoulder Girdle (scapulothoracic) movements
Elevation
Superior movement of the shoulder girdle in the frontal plane.
Ex: Shrugging the shoulders
Shoulder Girdle (scapulothoracic) movements
Protraction (abduction)
Forward movement of the shoulder girdle in the horizontal plane away from the spine. Abduction of the scapula
Shoulder Girdle (scapulothoracic) movements
Retraction (adduction)
Backward movement of the shoulder girdle in the horizontal plane toward the spine Adduction of the scapula
Shoulder Girdle (scapulothoracic) movements
Rotation downward
Rotary movement of the scapula in the frontal plane with the inferior angle of the scapula moving medially and downward. Occurs primarily in the return from upward rotation. The inferior angle may actually move upward slightly as the scapula continues in extremem downward rotation.
Shoulder Girdle (scapulothoracic) movements
Rotation Upward
Rotary movement of the scapula in the frontal plane with the inferior angle of the scapula moving laterally and upward
Shoulder joint (glenohumeral) movements
Horizontal abduction
Movement of the humerus or femur in the horizontal plane away from the midline of the body. Also known as horizontal extension or transverse abduction
Shoulder Girdle (scapulothoracic) movements
Horizontal Adduction
Movement of the humerus or femur in the horizontal plane toward the midline of the body. also known as horizontal flexion or transverse adduction
Shoulder Girdle (scapulothoracic) movements
Scaption
Movement of the humerus away from the body in the scapular plane. Glenohumeral abduction in a plane 30 to 45 degrees between the sagittal and frontal planes.
Spine Movements
Lateral Flexion (side bending)
Movement of the head and/or trunk in the frontal plane literally away from the midline. Abduction of the spine
Spine Movement
Reduction
Return of the spinal column in the frontal plane to the anatomic position from lateral flexion. Adduction of the spine
Wrist and Hand Movements
Dorsal Flexion (dorsiflexion)
Extension movement of the wrist in the sagittal plane with the dorsal or posterior side of the hand moving toward the posterior side of the forearm.
Wrist/Hand Movement
Palmar flexion
Flexion movement of the wrist in the sagittal plane with the volar or anterior side of the hand moving toward the anterior side of the forearm.
Wrist/Hand Movements
Radial flexion (radial deviation)
Abduction movement at the wrist in the frontal plane of the thumb side of the hand toward the lateral forearm.
Wrist and Hand Movements
Ulnar flexion (ulnar deviation)
Adduction movement at the wrist in the frontal plane of the little finger side of the hand toward the medial forearm.
Wrist and Hand Movements
Reposition of the thumb
Diagonal movement of the thumb as it returns to the anatomical position from opposition with the hand and/or fingers
Accessory Motion: Roll(rock)
A series of points on one articular aurface contacts a series of points on another articular surface
Accessory Motion: Glide (slide, translation)
A specific point on one articulatin surface comes in contact with a series of points on another surface
Accessory Motion: Spin
A single point on one articular surface rotates about a single point on another articular surface. Motion occurs around some stationary longitudinal mechanical axis in either a clockwise or counterclockwise direction.
Structural Kinesiology
The study of muscles, bones, and joints as they are involved in the science of movement.
Anatomical Position
subject standing in an upright posture, facing straight ahead, with feet parallel and close and palms facing forward
Fundamental Position
essentially the same as the anatomical position, except that the arms are at sides with palms facing the body
Mid- Axillary Line
A line running vertically down the surface of the body passing through the apex of the axilla (armpit)
Mid-Sternal Line
A line running vertically down the surface of the body passing through the middle of the sternum
Anterior Axillary Line
A line that is parallel to the mid-axillary line and passes through the anterior axillary skinfold
Posterior Axillary Line
A line that is parallel to the mid-axillary line and passes through the posterior axillary skinfold
Mid-Clavicular Line
A line running vertically down the surface of the body passing through the midpoint of the clavicle
Mid-inguinal point
Point midway between the anterior superior iliac spine and the pubic symphysis
Scapula Line
line running vertically down the posterior surface of the body passing through the inferior angle of the scapula
Vertebral line
Line running vertically down through the spinous processes of the spine
Anterior
IN front or in the front part
Anteroinferior
in front and below
Anterolateral
In front and to the outside
Anteromedial
in front and toward the inner side or midline
Anteroposterior
Relating to both front and rear
Anterosuperior
in front and above
Bilateral
Relating to the right and left sides of the body or of a body structure such as the right and left extremities
Caudal
Below in relation to another structure inferior
Cephalic
Above in relation to another structure higher superior
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Cartes-fiches
Prone
Face-downward position of the body; lying on the stomach
Proximal
Nearest the trunk or the point of origin
Radial
Relating to the radial (lateral) side of the forearm or hand
Scapular plane
In line with the normal resting position of the scapula as it lies on the posterior rib cage; movements in the scapular plane are in line with the scapular; which is at an angle of 30 to 45 degrees from the frontal plane
Sinister
Relating to or situated to the left or on the left side of something
Superficial
Near the surface; used to describe relative depth or location of muscles or tissue
Superior (supra)
Above in relation to another structure, higher, (CEPHALIC)
Superolateral
Above and to the outside
Superomedial
Above and toward the midline or inside
Supine
Face-upward position of the body; lying on the back
Tibial
Relating to the tibial (medial) side of the lower extremity
Ulnar
Relating to the ulnar(medial) side of the forearm or hand
Ventral
Relating to the belly or abdomen, on or toward the front, anterior part of
Volar
Relating to the palm of the hand or sole of the foot
Anterversion
Abnormal or excessive rotation forward of a structure, sucj as femoral anteversion
Kyphosis
Increases curving of the spine outward or backward in the sagittal plane
Lordosis
Increased curving of the spine inward or forward in sagittal plane
Recurvatum
Bending backward, as in knee hyperextension
Retroversion
Abnormal or excessive rotation backward of a structure, such as femoral retroversion
Scoliosis
Lateral Curving of the Spine
Valgus
Outward angulation of the distal segment of a bone or joint, as in knock-knees
Varus
Inward angulation of the distal segment of a bone or joint, as in bowlegs
Sagittal, Anteroposterior, or AP plane
Bisects the body from front to back dividing the body into right and left halves
Axis of rotation: Frontal (coronal, lateral, or mediolateral)
Description of axis: runs medial/lateral
Common movements Flexion/Extension
Examples: Biceps curls, knee extensions, and sit ups
Frontal, coronal, or lateral plane
Divides the body into anterior(ventral) and posterior(dorsal) halves.
Axs of motion: Sagittal
Description of axis: runs anterior/posterior
COmmon movements: abduction, adduction
Examples: jumping jacks, (shoulder and hip) soinal and lateral flexion
Transverse, axial or horizontal plane
Divides the body into superior(cephalic) and inferior(caudal) halves
Axis of motion: vertical (longitudinal or long)
Description of axis: runs superior/inferior
Common movements: Internal rotation, external rotation
Examples: forearm pronation and supination and spinal rotation
Skeletal Functions
1. protection of vital soft tissues such as the heart, lungs, and brain
2. Support to maintain posture
3. Movement by servingas points of attachment for muscles and acting as levers
4. Storage for minerals such as calcium and phosphorus
5. Hemopoiesis, which is the process of blood formation that occurs in the red bone marrow located in the vertebral bodies, femur, humerus, ribs and sternum.
Synarthrodial (immovable) joints
Suture: Found in the sutures of the cranial bones. The sutures of the skull are truly immovable beyond infancy.
Gomphosis: Found in the sockets of the teeth. The socket of a tooth is often referred to as a Gomphosis (type of joint in which a conical peg fits into a socket). Normally, there should be essentially no movement of the teeth in the mandible or maxilla
Amphiarthrodial (slightly movable) joints
Structurally divided into 3 types:
Syndesmosis: type of joint held together by strong ligaments structures that allow minimal movement between the bones.Ex: coracoclavicular joint and the inferior tibiofibular joint.
Symphysis: type of joint separated by fibro cartilage pad that allows very slight movement between bones. Ex: symphysis pubis and intervertebral disks
Synchondrosis: type of joint separated by hyaline cartilage that allows very slight movement between bones. Ex: costochondral joints of ribs with the sternum
Diarthrodial (freely movable) joints
Also known as synovial joints, freely movable. Sleevelike covering of ligamentpus tissue known as joint capsule surrounds the bony ends forming the joints.
Diarthrodial: Arthrodial (gliding, plane) joint
Characterized by two flat, or plane, bony surfaces that butt against each other. Permits limited gliding movement.
Ex: carpal bones of wrist and the tarsometatarsal joints of the foot.
Diarthrodial: Condyloidal (ellipsoid, ovoid, biaxial, ball-and-socket) joint
bones permit movement in two planes without rotation. Examples are the wrist (radiocarpal joint) between the radius and the proximal row of the carpal bones or the second, third, fourth, and fifth metacarpophalangeal joints.
Diarthrodial: Enarthrodial (spheroidal, multiaxial ball-and socket) joint
Most like true ball-and socket in that it permits movemet in all planes. Ex are the shoulder (glenohumeral) and hip (acetabularfemoral) joints.
Diarthrodial: Ginglymus (hinge) joint
Wide range of movement in only one plane.
Examples: elbow (humeroulnar), ankle (talocrural), and knee (tibiofemoral) joints
Diarthrodial: Sellar (saddle) joint
THis type of reciprocal reception is found only in the thumb at the carpometacarpal joint and permits ball-and-socket movement, with the exception of slight rotation
Diarthrodial: Trochoidal (pivot, screw) joint
This is a type of joint with a rotational movement around a long axis.
Example: rotation of the radius on the ulna at the proximal and distal radioulnar joints
5 major factors affect total stability and mobility of joint
Bones
Cartilage
Ligaments and connective tissue
muscles
Proprioception and motor control
Range of motion
area through which a joint may normally be freely and painlessly moved
Abduction
Lateral movement away from the midline of the trunk in the frontal plane.
Ex: Raising the arms or legs to the side horizontally
Adduction
Movement medially toward the midline of the trunk in the frontal plane.
Ex: lowering the arm to the side or thigh back to anatomical position
Flexion
Bending movement that results in a decrease of the angle in a joint by bringing bonestogether, usually in sagittal plane.
Ex: elbow joint when the hand is drawn to the shoulder
