Kinesiology of PE

Dermatome afferent (sensory): medial aspect of lower leg and foot, inner border of foot, great toe

Myotome efferent (motor) tibialis anterior, extensor hallucis and digitorum longus, peroneals

Reflexes: patella or knee extensors

function app: ankle dorsiflexion, transverse tarsal/subtalar inversion. Sensation to medial buttock lateral thigh, medial leg, dorsum of foot, great toe. 

Dermatome afferent (sensory): lateral border of leg, anterior surface of lower leg, top of foot to middle three toes

Myotome efferent (motor): extensor hallucis and digitorum longus,peroneals, gluteus maximus and medius, dorsiflexors

REflexes None

Functional app: Great toe extension, transverse tarsal/ subtalar eversion. Sensation to upper lateral leg, anterior surface of the lower leg, middle three toes

Dermatome afferent (sensry): posterior aspect of the lower 1/4 of the leg, posterior aspect of the foot including the heel, lateral border of the foot and sole

Myotome efferent(motor): gastrocnemius, soleus, gluteus maximus and medius, hamstrings, peroneals

Reflexes: Achilles reflec

Functional App: Ankle plantar flexion, knee flexion, transverse tarsal/subtalar eversion. Sensation to lateral lef, lateral foot, lateral two toes, plantar aspect of foot

Dermatome afferent (sensory): posterior central strip of the leg from below the gluteal fold to 3/4 of the way down the leg

Myotome efferent (motor): gastrocnemius, soleus, gluteus maximus, hamstrings

Reflexes: None

Functional app: Ankle plantar flexion and toe flexion. Sensation to posterior thigh and upper posterior leg 

Dermatome afferent (sensory): groin, medial thigh to knee

Myotome efferent (motor): intrinsic foot muscles

Reflexes: None

Functional app: Sensation to groin and adductor region

Dermatome afferent(sensory): Perineum, genitals, lower sacrum

Myotome efferent (motor): bladder, rectum

Reflexes: None

Functional App: Urinary and bowel control. Sensation to saddle area, genitals, anus 

Internal receptors located in skin, joints, muscles, & tendons that provide feedback relative to tension, length, & contraction state of muscle, the position of the body & limbs, & joint movement.

Muscle spindles & Golgi tendon organs specific to muscles

Meissner’s corpuscles, Ruffini’s corpuscles, Pacinian corpuscles, & Krause’s end-bulbs specific to joints & skin

conscious awareness of the position & movement of the body in space.

unconscious awareness of the body’s position in space.

1. Impulse sent to the CNS

2. CNS activates motor neurons of muscle to contract

All muscles possess this stretch reflex

Examples:

Hammer reflex to the quadriceps

Quick jerk of cervical spine when falling asleep

Located close to muscle-tendon junction

Are much less sensitive to stretch than muscle spindles requiring a greater stretch reflex to be activated

GTO protects us from excessive contraction by causing the muscle to relax & antagonist to contract

Example- when a weightlifter attempts a heavy resistance during a biceps curl & reaches the point of extreme overload, the GTO is activated, the biceps relaxes & the triceps contract

Around joint capsules, ligaments, tendon sheaths, & under skin

Activated by rapid changes in joint angle & by pressure changes affecting joint capsule

Are helpful in providing feedback regarding location of a body part in space during quick movements such as running & jumping

Located in deep layers of skin & joint capsule

Activated by strong & sudden joint motion & pressure changes

Their reaction to pressure changes is slower than of Pacinian corpuscles

Are essential in providing info as to exact joint angle

Located in skin & subcutaneous tissues

Important in receiving stimuli from touch

The individual muscle fibers within a motor unit will fire & contract maximally or not at all 

Type1: Slow twitch, Produce less force; fatigue slower

Type 2: Fast twitch, produces greater forces, fatigue faster

Number of muscle fibers recruited

Frequency of motor unit activation

recruitment of motor units containing fast twitch fibers

muscle fibers that are at optimal length

action potential-electrical signal needed for motor unit to fire

subthreshold stimulus-when stimulus is not strong enough to cause action

Threshold stimulus-when stimulus is strong enough to cause action 

1. stimulus is received

2. Latent period-few milliseconds 

3. Contraction phase- lasts about 40 milliseconds

4. Relaxation phase- lasts 50 milliseconds

´A “pulling” force

´Tension either passive by external forces or active by internal forces

´Passive tension

´As muscle is stretched beyond normal resting length

´Active tension

Dependent on number of motor units & fibers recruitment

Dependent on length of the muscle

Greatest amount of AT is developed when muscle is stretched between 100%-130% of resting length

Decrease in AT when muscle is 50%-60% of resting length

Rate of length change is related to amount of force

With low resistance, muscle contracts at high velocity

With high resistance, muscle contracts at low velocity

With max resistance, muscle velocity is zero (isometric contraction)

As resistance increases more, the muscle begins to lengthen slowly; resistance/gravity wins

As resistance is at max, muscle will result in uncontrollable lengthening, or dropping of the load

Shape

Size

Number of division

Directions of its fibers

Location

Points of attachment

Action

Action and shape

Action and size

Shape and location 

location and attachment

location and number of divisions

See pic

fibers arranged parallel to length of muscle. Generally will produce greater range of movement than similar size muscles with a pennate arrangement 

Muscles are usually thin and broad, originating from broad, fibrous, sheetlike aponeuroses that allow them to spread their forces over a broad area.

Ex: rectus abdominis and external oblique 

muscles are spindle-shaped with a central belly that tapers to tendons on each end; this allows them to focus their power on small, bony targets. 

Ex: brachialis and brachioradials

are more uniform in diameter with essentially all their fibers arranged in a long parallel manner. Enables a focusing of power on small, bony targets. 

Ex: Sartorius

Muscles are also sometimes described as being triangular, fan-shaped, or convergent. They have the combined arrangement of flat and fusiform muscles, in that they originate on a broad surface or an aponeurosis and converge onto a tendon. 

Ex: include the pectoralis major and trapezius

circular muscles are technically endless strap muscles that surround openings and function to close them upon contraction. 

Ex: orbicularis oris, surrounding the mouth. 

categorized on the basis of the exact arrangement between the fibers and the tendons

fibers run obliquely from a tendon on one side only. 

Ex: biceps femoris, extensor digitorum longus, and tibialis posterior

Muscle fibers run obliquely from a central tendon on both sides

Ex: Rectus femoris ad flexor hallucis longus

Muscles have several tendons with fibers running diagonally between them

Ex: Deltoid

Irritability/ Excitability: being sensitive or responsive to chemical, electrical, or mechanical stimuli.

Contractility: ability of muscle to contract and develop tension or internal force against resistance when stimulated.

Extensibility: ability of muscle to be passively stretched beyond its normal resting length.

Elasticity: ability of muscle to return to its original resting length following stretching

Pertaining usually to muscles within or belonging solely to the body part on which they act

Ex: Small intrinsic muscle found within hands

Pertaining usually to muscles that arise or orginate outside (proximal to) the body part on which they act. 

is the specific movement  of the joint resulting from a concentric contraction of a muscle that crosses the joint. 

occurs in the segment of the nervous system responsible for providing a stimulus to muscle fibers within a specific muscle or portion of a muscle. A particular muscle may be innervated by more than one nerve, and a particular nerve may innervate more than one muscle or portion of a muscle

is the range of muscle fibers length between maximal and minimal lengthening

is the central, fleshy portion of the muscle. Generally increases in diameter as the muscle contracts.