Introduction to Linguistics UDE
Definitions from the Lecture Introduction to Linguistics from WiSe25/26 and SoSe26 UDE
Definitions from the Lecture Introduction to Linguistics from WiSe25/26 and SoSe26 UDE
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Lernkarten
Endocentric Compound
A determines B (A=modifier, B= head of compound) e.g. darkroom, smalltalk
Exocentric Compound
A+B means something that neither A nor B; e.g. skinhead (person), pickpocket (person)
Copulative Compound
A and B are both equally important, e.g. bitter-sweet, sleepwalker
Conversion
the word class changes without any morphological changes (e.g. to cage, to water, a cough, a walk, ...)
Partial Conversion
change of word class includes a phonological change
1. change of word-final sound from V- to V+ (the belief - to belive; the use (s) - to use (z))
2. shift of main accent (to subJECT - the SUBject)
Shortenings: Blending
two words are fused together (result is a combined meaning) e.g. smoke+fog=smog, breakfast+lunch=brunch
Shortenings: Clipping
parts of the word are omitted (clipped off)
1. back-clipping (ad - advertisement)
2. front-clipping (phone - telephone)
3. front-and-back-clipping (fridge - refridgerator)
Shortenings: Acronym
forms a new term, pronounces like a word
e.g. asap, NATO, UNESCO, ERASMUS, laser
Shortenings: Alphabetism
forms a new term, pronounced letter by letter
e.g. PC, TV, VIP, USA, IPA, UK
Back formation
deleting of a derivational suffix, changes the word class (e.g. sleepwalk (V) and sleepwalker (N)
Coinage
creation of new words for specific purpose without using other word formation processes, e.g. Aspirin,Kleenex
Eponyms
words coined from proper names, real or fictional people, places: Mac, sandwich
Syntax
studies the way in which words and phrases are combined into sentences
Semantics
study of linguistic meaning
lexical semantics
investigates the meaning of words
sentential semantics
investigates the meaning of phrases and sentences
Denotation
basic description
Connotation
associative meaning
sememe
meaning of a lexeme
semes
smallest possible units of meaning
Feature semantics
semes table cow girl woman boy man
animate - + + + + +
human - - + + + +
male - - - - + +
adult - + - + - +
