Introduction to Linguistics UDE
Definitions from the Lecture Introduction to Linguistics from WiSe25/26 and SoSe26 UDE
Definitions from the Lecture Introduction to Linguistics from WiSe25/26 and SoSe26 UDE
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Endocentric Compound
A determines B (A=modifier, B= head of compound) e.g. darkroom, smalltalk
Exocentric Compound
A+B means something that neither A nor B; e.g. skinhead (person), pickpocket (person)
Copulative Compound
A and B are both equally important, e.g. bitter-sweet, sleepwalker
Conversion
the word class changes without any morphological changes (e.g. to cage, to water, a cough, a walk, ...)
Partial Conversion
change of word class includes a phonological change
1. change of word-final sound from V- to V+ (the belief - to belive; the use (s) - to use (z))
2. shift of main accent (to subJECT - the SUBject)
Shortenings: Blending
two words are fused together (result is a combined meaning) e.g. smoke+fog=smog, breakfast+lunch=brunch
Shortenings: Clipping
parts of the word are omitted (clipped off)
1. back-clipping (ad - advertisement)
2. front-clipping (phone - telephone)
3. front-and-back-clipping (fridge - refridgerator)
Shortenings: Acronym
forms a new term, pronounces like a word
e.g. asap, NATO, UNESCO, ERASMUS, laser
Shortenings: Alphabetism
forms a new term, pronounced letter by letter
e.g. PC, TV, VIP, USA, IPA, UK
Back formation
deleting of a derivational suffix, changes the word class (e.g. sleepwalk (V) and sleepwalker (N)
Coinage
creation of new words for specific purpose without using other word formation processes, e.g. Aspirin,Kleenex
Eponyms
words coined from proper names, real or fictional people, places: Mac, sandwich
Syntax
studies the way in which words and phrases are combined into sentences
Semantics
study of linguistic meaning
lexical semantics
investigates the meaning of words
sentential semantics
investigates the meaning of phrases and sentences
Denotation
basic description
Connotation
associative meaning
sememe
meaning of a lexeme
semes
smallest possible units of meaning
Feature semantics
semes table cow girl woman boy man
animate - + + + + +
human - - + + + +
male - - - - + +
adult - + - + - +
Prototype semantics
prototype as the central member/representative of a category
example: birds
-> rotkehlchen-spatz-taube-eule-papagei-fasan-pfau-ente
family resemblance
overlapping resemblance
example: games
-> chess, computer games, skat, football
Metaphors
source domain (e.g. human body) is transferred to a target domain (e.g. non-human entities)
antrophomorphic metaphors
transferred from human domain (esp. body parts) e.g. foot of a mountain, leg of a table
synaethetic metaphors
extension from one field of sensory perception to another , e.g. warm voice, loud colour
light and thinking / intelligence metaphors
e.g. bright person, transparent argument
money and language metaphors
to owe someone an answer, to coin new words
space and wellbeing metaphors
e.g. to feel up/down, fall ill, rise to the top
war/physical metaphors
e.g. struck the centre, struck a nerve
paradigmatic relation
words can be substituted by similar entities
syntagmatic relations
items are combined with other items to form a larger structure
lexical field
elements share at least one semantic meaning(s) e.g. verbs: chased, followed, hunted, tracked
semantic relations examples
syntagmatic relations
para- The fast cats chased the mouse.
dig- The hungry dog followed my cat.
matic- Ten / tigers hunted the victim.
relations / Wild animals tracked the prey.
