Instrumentation: Air Data and Gyros
Instrumentations
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Lernkarten
Which error is caused by the capillary tubes?
2 Arten Pitot static pressure
1. Pitot tube 2. Pitot static tube
static balance by Pitot tube
Two similar port be positioned on the opposite side => both are interconnected => error produced by yawing are almost entirely eliminated =
Diiferent Pitos
1. high speed aircraft pitot head is typically mounted in front of the Radom 2. kleineren Flieger unter den Wings
Pitot static head whats that?
measures total pressure and static pressure with just one sensor => static pros along the fuselage are not longer necessary
Wie reinigt man einen Pito
condensed water is released through drain openings to keep the pressure tubes clean at all times ==> drain openings !!!!!!!!!!!!!
Wo sind Emergency presuure sensors located
on the outside fuselage but less accurate than primary static port located in the optimum positions
Why is the altimater indication 200 ft above the actual value and zhe airspeed indicator 2 to 3 kts above the actual speed
pressure in cabin is typically lower than outside => Venturi Effekt
Static source error / position error affects which instruments
Altimeter and the speed Indicator
What is the benefit of a static balancing
Errors produced by yawing are almost entirely eliminated
Stall warnings 2 diffrent Systems
1. Acoustic warning at extremely high angles of attack before stall occurs => acoustic horn
2. If the aircraft's AOA becomes to steep => small electrical switch (installed at the leading edge) => the switch is tilted (kippen) over the airstream, closing a conatct and the horn is activated
0 Kelvin in Grad
-273.15 Grad
conduction
Through molecular collisions thermal energy is transformed to molecules of a second object when brought into contact
OAT
Outside Temperatur => temperature of the undisturbed air mass
TAT
Totak air Temperature ==> Wenn die Luft auf dem Flügel auftrifft
SAT
Static outside Temperature (is geh ambient temperature in the flow) = SAT=OAT => Gilt als Gleiche, ist es jedoch nicht => free ambient temperature
TAT im Flug is immer grösser als
SAT
Ram Rise / Ram Air Temeprature
Delta TAT-SAT => is measured by the stagnation point => Solved the problem, that to obtain a correct OAT it would be necessary to have a measurement sensor which has no speed relative to the air flow
Kreiselinstrumente heissen
Gyro Instruments => Wenn er dreht, ist er stabil
ASI
Airspeed indicator
VLO
Landing gear Operating speed = max. speed for extending or retracting the gear
VMO
Maximum operating speed
VLE
Landing gear extended speed = speed at which an airplane can be safely flown with the landing gear extended
In case of static blockage the Airspeed Indicator
under reads in climbs and over reads in descent
If the static intakes are completely clogged up by ice during a climb, teh VSI shows
zero
The single most significant item which makes a servo altimeter more accurate
electromagnetic pick off
What corrections must be applied to indicated airspeed to produce true airspeed
Correction for altitude and Temperatures
When slide slipping one of the instruments below will give an incorrect indication
Airspeed indicator
The vertical speed indicator reads
the different pressure between the capsule pressure and the case pressure
At a given altitude, the hysterisis eror of an altimeter varies substantially with the
time passed at given altitude
An altimeter contains one or more aneroid capsules. Inside these capsuales is:
a very low residual pressure and outside is static pressure
ROD Formel => Mit glid slope
Ground Speed * 100 * Glid slope / 60
The density altitude is
teh altitude of the standard atmosphere on which the density is equal to the actual density of the atmosphere
Modern sensitive altimeters are fitted with a vibrator assembly. It helps?
it helps to overcome the friction caused by the linkage mechanism and thus to reduce the lag error
EAS is always lower or equal than CAS
when descending density increases and thus, the air because less compressible => compressibility effect will be reduced => the correction value will be lower =>EAS will increase = EAS decreases during a climb
The response time of a vertical speed detector may be improved by adding a:
correction based on an accelerometer sensor
The maximum operating speed VMO is expressed in
CAS or EAS
An airpseed indicator includes a capsule; inside this capsule is:
total pressure and outside is static pressure
Tolerance SImple Altimeter
max. 35'000 ft = +- 100 ft
Tolerance sensitive Altimeter
max 80'000 ft +- 70 ft
