Grammar in use
Anglistik,
Anglistik,
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Flashcards
Use of complex NPs
The spots reappear regularly and are quite alarming.
->The regular appearance of spots is quite alarming.
->pack in a lot of information
Invariably Singular
- Non-count nouns: furniture, information, advice,…
- Words that look like plural but are not: news, linguistics, measles,…
Invariably Plural
- Summation plurals: clothes (trousers, jeans, PJs,…), tools (binoculars, glasses, pliers,…)
- Pluralia tantum: brains, minutes, damages,…
- Zero plural: police, people,…
Collective nouns
The team has/have won again.
The committee is/are meeting tonight.
à both correct
Properties of nouns
Morphological
- Derivational: typical suffixes: eg. helplessness
- Inflectional: inflect for number and genitive cases
Properties of nouns
semantics
- Typical syntactic function -> noun, object
- a smashing time, a new jacket
reciprocal nouns
- each other
- one another
gsaccoch
general-size-age-colour-class-origin-class-head
sentenial relative clause
-> perphel dependent -> whole clause
He walks for an hour each morning, which would bore me.
Stative = (1) State
- duration, not dynamic, no endpoint
Admire, agree, believe, doubt, know, love, suppose, think, hear, feel, see, be, belong to, cost, have, need , own,…
Dynamic (event):
- energy input, potential development, test: imperative!
- Durative:
- (2) Activity: duration, dynamic, no endpoint
write letters, eat cake, drink wine, draw pictures, read books, rain, snow,…
- (3) Accomplishment: duration, dynamic, endpoint
write a letter, eat an apple, draw a tree, drink a glass of wine, travel to Paris,…
- (4) Achievement (punctual, momentary): no duration, dynamic, endpoint
knock at the door, explode, blink, drop a pen, break the window, sneeze, cough, kick a ball,…
Auxiliary order
Modal aux. Perfect aux. Progressive aux. Passive aux. Main Verb
(have+past part.) (be+pres. part.) (be+past part.)
VP expreses
- modality
- aspect
- voice
- tense
progressive effects
- Duration
last some time
e.g.: I raise my hand (sudden)-> I am raising my hand (gradual)
Progressive Effects
- Limited Duration
makes sth. shorter
e.g.: I live in vienna = permanent -> i am living in Vienna (temporary)
I enjoy the seaside= general -> I am enjoying the seaside (moment)
Progressive Effects
- not necessarly completed (transtional verbs)
focusing on transition not ending
e.g.: The bus stops= genuine -> the bus is stopping= not done yet
Classes of verbs normally incompatible with progressive
1
State verbs of “having” or “being”
-> except being acting in a particular way at the moment
Classes of verbs normally incompatible with progressive
2
Verbs of inert (passive) cognition: believe, forget, hope, imagine, supose, understand
except->temporary assumptions-> i am supposing that he wont come
Classes of verbs normally incompatible with progressive
3
Verbs of inert preception:hear, feel, see, taste, smell
except-> limited duration-> i was smelling her perfume
Classes of verbs normally incompatible with progressive
4
Verbs of attitude (volition and feeling): hope, hate, intend, like, live, prefer,regret
except-> colloquial speech
