Geography SL IB Terminology

change in chemical composition of soil, may trigger circulation of toxic metals

increase in concentration of salt in soil, due to withdrawal of ocean, irrigation with saline water, weathering etc.

When water supply per capita annually is less than 1,700 cubic metres

lack of water where resource development has reached unsustainable levels. Relates availability to demand (arid regions aren’t necessarily water scarce)

• Water consumption exceeds 60% of supply
• To stabilize (e.g. Kuwait, Saudi Arabia)
  • Import food
  • Desalinate water 

lack of water where it is available locally, but not accessible for human use due to financial or institutional reasons.

• Physically enough water to meet needs
• Not accessible to people
• Additional transport, storage etc. Needed
   

An underground bed or layer of permeable rock, sediment, or soil that yields water.

Process of taking unsustainable amounts of water from any source either permanently or terminally

man-made conveyance schemes to move water

a store of a quantity of water for a later time

a process by which pollution from such sources as sewage effluent orleachatefrom fertilized fields causes a lake, pond, or fen to becomeoverrichin organic and mineral nutrients, so that algae andcyanobacteriagrow rapidly and deplete the oxygen supply

Ecumeneis a term used by geographers to mean inhabited land. It generally refers to land where people have made their permanent home, and to all work areas that are considered occupied and used for agricultural or any other economic purpose. Thus, there can be various types ofecumenes, each having their own unique characteristics (populationecumene, agriculturalecumene, industrialecumene, etc.).

Permafrost is any rock or soil material that has remained below 0°C continuously for two or more years.
The two-year minimum stipulation is meant to exclude from the definition the overlying ground surface layer that freezes every winter and thaws every summer (called the “active layer” or “seasonal frost”).
This material underlies 12 to 18 percent of the exposed land surface in the Northern Hemisphere.

plowed, but unseeded farmland during a growing season

flow of water from precipitation to stream channels located at lower elevations. Occurs when the water infiltration capacity of the soil has been reached.

A raised bank of earth having vertical or sloping sides and a flat top

barrier of trees and shrubs that protect against wind and reduce erosion

process of covering something with an organic protective covering to prevent evaporation of moisture, freezing of roots, and the growth of weeds

Preventing soil erosion through cultivating, plowing land along lines connecting points of equal elevation

area within a field/structure to prevent breaches of various types and soil erosion

Deposition or accumulation of stream-deposited silt that is suspended in a body of standing water
 

• Way the population is spread out
• May be distributed evenly or unevenly
• Most populations distributed unevenly, because of human and physical factors

• Number of people per km2
• High pop density: Singapore,Hong Kong
• Low population density: Canada, Russia, Australia

Nr. Of births per 1000 of population

• Nr. Of deaths per 1000 of population
• World average 2005-2010 – 8.7%

• Crude Birth Rate minus crude death rate
• CBR – CDR

Births per 1000 women, aged 15 – 49 years

• Average number of births per 1000 women of child bearing age
• Sum of age specific birth rates

Birth rate for a region, assuming the age composition is the same as that of the entire country

Births per 1000 women of a specific age group

• Anyone who can have a child (between puberty and menopause)
• Usually between 15-49 years old

Nr. of deaths in children under the age of 5 per1000 live births

* miscarriages, abortions, stillborn not included in above statistics

Nr of deaths of infants less than 1 year of age per 1000 live births
 

* miscarriages, abortions, stillborn not included in above statistics

Average Number of years expected to live , from birth, if demographic factors do not change.

government policies increase the birth rate

government policies decrease the birth rate

Killing of infants right after they are born

• Measurable characteristics of the population
• DEMOGRAPHICS
• E.g. Ethnicity, age, sex, language, religion, occupation etc.

Length of time taken for population to double, assuming growth rate remains constant
Approximate Doubling Time (in years) =
        70
% growth rate

Predictions about the future of a population based on FERTILITY, MIGRATION and MORTALITY TRENDS.