Geography SL IB Terminology
Geography SL IB Terminology
Geography SL IB Terminology
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Lernkarten
Remittances
Transfers of money/goods by foreign workers to their home countries
HDI
- Human development Index
- Scale from 0(low)-1(high)
- Longevity (life expectancy)
- Education (Adult literacy rate + years of schooling)
- Standard of living (Income adjusted to local living costs)
- Can be adapted for GDI(Gender Related Development Index) and HPI (Human Poverty Index)
HPI1
Measures poverty in developing countries
- Probability of living to age 40
- Adult illiteracy rate
- Economic provisioning (measured largely by access to water)
HPI2
Measures poverty in OECD countries (drawing on greater available data)
- Probability of living to age 60
- Adult illiteracy rate
- Income (% of people living below poverty line)
- Long term unemployment rate
Education Index
- Adult literacy rate
- Primary, secondary and tertiary schoolenrollment
- 0.993 (High level of education)Finaland, Australia, Newzealand
- 0.354 (low score)Afgahnistan
- Subsaharanafrica– generally low EI
- Cuba – high EI although GDP is quite low – county’s investment into education
GEM (Gender Empowerment Measure)
Participation of women in politics and economic positions (% in parliament, legislators, professional workers etc)
Malnutrition
not having the correct balance of nutrients in body system (can be over or under nutrition)
Obesity
Too many carbohydrates and protein in diet
Marasmus
lack of calories/energy food (mostly carbohydrates)
Kwashiorkor
lack of protein
Deficiencydisease
lack of specific vitamins or minerals in diet (eg. Anaemia, scurvy etc)
Sectors of economy
Primary
- Agriculture
- Subsistence
Secondary
- Industry/Manufacturing
- (Urbanization)
Tertiary
- Service sector
Albedo
- Reflection from a surface (~7% from earth’s surface)
- 95% from white snow
Global Warming
Increase in temperature on earth, noticed most since 1960
Greenhouse effect
Process by which certain gases (water vapour, CO2, CFCs*, Methane) allow short wave radiation from the sun to pass through the atmosphere, but prevent long wave radiation reflected from earth back out, thus warming the atmosphere.
*not natural
Carbon Dioxide
Greenhouse Gas, absorbed by plants in photosynthesis
Methane
Greenhouse gas, emitted by the melting of the permafrost, animals, wetlands, rice paddies
Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)-
artificial gas, released by aerosol sprays, refrigerants and the production of foams.
Enhanced greenhouse effect
Increasing amount of greenhouse gases, resulting from human activity, impacting atmospheric systems.
Global Climate Change
Change in Global patterns of
- Rainfall
- Temperature
- Sea level
- Habitats
- Droughts/floods/storms
Due to changes in earths atmosphere
Believed to be largely dueto enhanced greenhouse effect
Radiation
Emission of energy in the form of electromagnetic waves
Shortwave
- Emitted from sun
Longwave
- From earthEg. IR radiation
Soil degradation
Severereduction in soil quality, often due to EROSION, SALINIZATION, SOIL EXHAUSTION (loss of soil fertility)
Deforestation
Removal of trees from a habitat dominated by forest
Afforestation
Planting of trees in an area that lacks trees or plant life
Permeability
ability or soil and rock to allow water to pass through
Water infiltration
The movement of water through the soil surface
Acidification
change in chemical composition of soil, may trigger circulation of toxic metals
Salinization
increase in concentration of salt in soil, due to withdrawal of ocean, irrigation with saline water, weathering etc.
Water Stress
When water supply per capita annually is less than 1,700 cubic metres
Physical water scarcity
lack of water where resource development has reached unsustainable levels. Relates availability to demand (arid regions aren’t necessarily water scarce)
- Water consumption exceeds 60% of supply
- To stabilize (e.g. Kuwait, Saudi Arabia)
- Import food
- Desalinate water
Economic water scarcity
lack of water where it is available locally, but not accessible for human use due to financial or institutional reasons.
- Physically enough water to meet needs
- Not accessible to people
- Additional transport, storage etc. Needed
Aquifers
An underground bed or layer of permeable rock, sediment, or soil that yields water.
Groundwater over-abstraction
Process of taking unsustainable amounts of water from any source either permanently or terminally
Water transfers
man-made conveyance schemes to move water
Water stores
a store of a quantity of water for a later time
Eutrophication
a process by which pollution from such sources as sewage effluent orleachatefrom fertilized fields causes a lake, pond, or fen to becomeoverrichin organic and mineral nutrients, so that algae andcyanobacteriagrow rapidly and deplete the oxygen supply
Ecumene
Ecumeneis a term used by geographers to mean inhabited land. It generally refers to land where people have made their permanent home, and to all work areas that are considered occupied and used for agricultural or any other economic purpose. Thus, there can be various types ofecumenes, each having their own unique characteristics (populationecumene, agriculturalecumene, industrialecumene, etc.).
Permafrost
Permafrost is any rock or soil material that has remained below 0°C continuously for two or more years.
The two-year minimum stipulation is meant to exclude from the definition the overlying ground surface layer that freezes every winter and thaws every summer (called the “active layer” or “seasonal frost”).
This material underlies 12 to 18 percent of the exposed land surface in the Northern Hemisphere.
Fallow
plowed, but unseeded farmland during a growing season
Runoff
flow of water from precipitation to stream channels located at lower elevations. Occurs when the water infiltration capacity of the soil has been reached.
