General Navigation
General Navigation
General Navigation
When plotting an ADF bearing on a Mercator chart you should
use variation at the aircraft position
When plotting a VOR radial on a Lambert Conformal chart you should:
use variation at the beacon
To establish a track plot you need:
at least two pinpoints or fixes
DRC
Direct Reading compass
How you can check a compass
water inside or on ray, check with the runway heading ==> now the difference between he indicated heading and the runways direction correspondents to the deviation
Compass swing
If the DRC (Direct compass) shows error or re-equilibrated => To hold an reference compass in front of the aircraft and the aircraft should be placed in 30 Grad Schritten around the compass ==> +/- 5 Grad
During pre-flight check, serviceability of a direct reading standby compass can be compared preferably with:
1) runway direction during line-up 2) main compass indication
When an aircraft is moved to a place of lower magnetic latitude:
The deviation values will decrease because the horizontal component of the terrestrial field is becoming stronger
When is the magnetic compass most effective?
About midway between the magnetic poles
The direct reading magnetic compass is made aperiodic (dead beat) by:
keeping the magnetic assembly mass close to the compass point and using damping wires
The purpose of compass check swing is to:
measure the angle between Magnetic North and Compass North
A direct reading compass should be swung when:
there is a large, and permanent, change in magnetic latitude
The sensitivity of a direct reading compass varies:
directly with the horizontal component of the earth's magnetic field
A "Landing Compass" is:
used to establish aircraft magnetic heading during a compass swing
An aircraft's compass must be swung:
if the aircraft has been subjected to hammering
Deviation adjustment is performed?
a) When the compass is newly installed on an aircraft
b) When new instruments are installed
c) after hard landings => changes of magnetism intensity in rion parts
d) after teh aircraft is hit by lighting
e) When teh aircraft is transferred to annother base at a considerably different latitude
f) When teh aircraft has been parked in teh same direction for a long period of time
g) When teh DRC shows greater, unexpected errors
Departure
d (tatächlich) = l (Länge anhand der Grade) * cos (S/N) => Distance in direction East/West, given in nautical miles
The Rhumb Line distance from A at 57°00'N 012°30'W to B at 57°00'N 167°30'E is
An aircraft leaves 54°N 30°E on an initial great circle track of 360°(T) and flies for 4320 NM.
A second aircraft leaves the same point on a rhumb line track of 090°(T) for a distance of 6320 NM.
At the end of their flights where will the second aircraft be in relation to the first aircraft?
What is the distance in kilometres from 49°S 180E/W to 58°S 180E/W?
Wieso ist die Weltkugel blau?
• Land: 29% Wasser: 71%
Form der Erde
• Annähernd eine Kugelform (Rotationsellipsoid) Nordpol flacher
Zusammensetzung Erde
• 90% flüssig, Kern fester, da durch den Druck der Siedepunkt höher ist
Radius der Erde in Km und NM
6400 km oder 3450 NM
Umfang der Erde in km und NW
40'000 km oder 21'600 NM
geographischer Nordpol ist xy magnetischer Nordpol
nicht gleich
Ekliptik:
Erdachse gegenüber der Umlaufebene um 23’5 Grad geneigt
Latitude
Geographische Breite = Breitengrad = Parallelen Winkel vom Erdmittelpunkt zwischen Äquator und Erdradius 90 Grad nach Nord und vom Äquator 90 Grad nach Süd
1 Bogengrad in NM
60 NW
1 Bogenminute in NW
1 NW
Longitude
Längengrad/Meridian, Winkel zwischen Nullmeridian/Ortsmeridian ⇒ Nur von Pol zu Pol max.180 Grad
Meridian of Longitude:
Verbindungslinie aller Orte mit gleicher geographischen Länge
Prime Meridian
Willkürlich festgelegter Meridian als Ausgangslinie ⇒ Greenwech
Local Meridian
Ortsmeridian der durch eine bestimmte Position eines Ortes verläuft
Für Distanzmessung darf der Längenunterschied x verwendet werden, weil .....
x= nicht weil der Längenunterschied ist am Äquator gross und in der Polgegend klein.
Beim Ablesen der Distanz erfolgt immer auf dem x, weil...
Meridian, weil Auf Breitenkreis wegen der Konvergenz (konischer Verlauf der Meridiane) entsteht ein grosser Fehler
Durch was entsteht das Magnetfeld im Innern?
• Durch die Rotation entsteht das Magnetfeld im Innern
Wieso ist die Erde ein Ellipsoid?
Durch die Erdrotation entsteh eine Fliehkraft, welche am Äquator eine Wulst gebildet hat
1 NM in km
1.852 km, da 1km dem 10’000sten Teil des Bogens vom Äquator zum Pol entspricht ⇒ 4x10’000x1km= 40'000 km
1 Nm in ft
1 Nm = 6080ft
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Lernkarten
CN:
Compass Nord
Inklination DIP:
Winkel zwischen erdmagnetischen Feldlinien und dem Horizont von der horizontalen aus gehend. Kompass um 90’ verkehrt halten è Kompassnadel zeigt gegen den Boden (angezogen) Kurve in den Norden: hinkt Kompass hintennachKurve in den Süden: Kompass voraus
CC:
Compass course
CH:
Compass heading
WCA (von wo nach wo):
Wind correction angle, von TC zu TH
Drift (von wo nach wo):
Abweichung, TH nach TC
Variation(von wo nach wo):
Abweichung von TN nach MN
DEV (von wo nach wo):
Deviation; MN zu CN
NO WIND POS:
Air Position, Dreieck Wohin man fliegen muss um nach DR zu kommen
DR POS:
Dead rekoning position, Wohin mal fliegt
Surface Wind:
Bodenwinde
EET:
Estimated Elapsed Time, Voraussichtliche Flugzeit
ETO:
Estimated Time Over, Voraussichtliche Überflugzeit eines Waypoints
ATO:
Actual Time Over, Tatsächliche Überflugzeit eines Punktes
Zur TAS gehört welcher Kurs ?
TAS + TH
Zur GS gehört welcher Kurs ?
GS + TC
Zum TT gehört welche Geschwindigkeit?
GS + TT
Convergence von den Merkatorkarten ist?
convergence = 0 => Meridiane sind parallel ==> In echt convergence
What does the graticule of a direct Mercator chart look like in the very vicinity of the Equator ?
A series of rather accurate squares
Great circle on merquator Karte?
With the exception of meridians and the equator, they are curves concave to the equator
On a Direct Mercator chart, earth convergency is correctly represented at the ……... and scale (Skala)……... as ……… .
equator, increases, latitude increases
On the Direct mercator chart, chart convergency equals Earth convergency?
Is the Direct Mercator a conformal projection?
Yes ==> Winkeltreu
Parallels of latitude on a Direct Mercator chart are :
parallel straight lines unequally spaced
The conversion angle (ca) shall always be applied:
to the great circle direction, towards the equator to get the rhumb line direction
On a Direct Mercator chart, meridians are:
parallel, equally spaced, vertical straight lines
Länge auf der Merkatorkarte ausrechen?
length in chart = length in nature / scale number
=>\(length in chart (0.455m) = {(1 Grad = 60 NM) 60 * 1852 * cos (N/S) \over scale (5'000'000)}\)
calculate teh scale of a mercator chart at different N/S
1:10 000 000 at teh equator => scale at 60 Grad
mx = m EQ * cos (x) ==> 10 000 000 * cos ( 60) = 5 000 000 ==> 1: 5 Mio
x = scale at latitude x
Conical projection
Kegelporjektion => Lambert karte ==> Mid latitudes
Cylinder Projektion
für Merkatorkarte
=> Plane methode = Azimuthal projektion
von oben ==> Stereographic
Parallel of Origin
the parallel of latitude where the projection surface touches the reduced Earth
Scale
the length ratio between a distance on the map and one easier in actual nature
Equidistant
A map when a distance measured anywhere on the map multiplied by the scale number, equals the corresponding distance on the surface of the earth
Conformal
when angles measured on the map actually correspond to those on the earth's surface
Which from these three (Equivalent/Conformal and Equidistant) is most important for Nav.
Conformal (Winkeltreu)
Which scale is large 1:1000 or 1:100000000
large: 1:1000 => depicts the same are larger
true to scale?
the scale is constant in all directions throughout the whole map
Contour lines on aeronautical maps and charts connect points:
having the same elevation above sea level
Which of the alternatives is a desirable characteristic of an aeronautical chart?
