General Navigation
General Navigation
General Navigation
When plotting an ADF bearing on a Mercator chart you should
use variation at the aircraft position
When plotting a VOR radial on a Lambert Conformal chart you should:
use variation at the beacon
To establish a track plot you need:
at least two pinpoints or fixes
DRC
Direct Reading compass
How you can check a compass
water inside or on ray, check with the runway heading ==> now the difference between he indicated heading and the runways direction correspondents to the deviation
Compass swing
If the DRC (Direct compass) shows error or re-equilibrated => To hold an reference compass in front of the aircraft and the aircraft should be placed in 30 Grad Schritten around the compass ==> +/- 5 Grad
During pre-flight check, serviceability of a direct reading standby compass can be compared preferably with:
1) runway direction during line-up 2) main compass indication
When an aircraft is moved to a place of lower magnetic latitude:
The deviation values will decrease because the horizontal component of the terrestrial field is becoming stronger
When is the magnetic compass most effective?
About midway between the magnetic poles
The direct reading magnetic compass is made aperiodic (dead beat) by:
keeping the magnetic assembly mass close to the compass point and using damping wires
The purpose of compass check swing is to:
measure the angle between Magnetic North and Compass North
A direct reading compass should be swung when:
there is a large, and permanent, change in magnetic latitude
The sensitivity of a direct reading compass varies:
directly with the horizontal component of the earth's magnetic field
A "Landing Compass" is:
used to establish aircraft magnetic heading during a compass swing
An aircraft's compass must be swung:
if the aircraft has been subjected to hammering
Deviation adjustment is performed?
a) When the compass is newly installed on an aircraft
b) When new instruments are installed
c) after hard landings => changes of magnetism intensity in rion parts
d) after teh aircraft is hit by lighting
e) When teh aircraft is transferred to annother base at a considerably different latitude
f) When teh aircraft has been parked in teh same direction for a long period of time
g) When teh DRC shows greater, unexpected errors
Departure
d (tatächlich) = l (Länge anhand der Grade) * cos (S/N) => Distance in direction East/West, given in nautical miles
The Rhumb Line distance from A at 57°00'N 012°30'W to B at 57°00'N 167°30'E is
An aircraft leaves 54°N 30°E on an initial great circle track of 360°(T) and flies for 4320 NM.
A second aircraft leaves the same point on a rhumb line track of 090°(T) for a distance of 6320 NM.
At the end of their flights where will the second aircraft be in relation to the first aircraft?
What is the distance in kilometres from 49°S 180E/W to 58°S 180E/W?
Wieso ist die Weltkugel blau?
• Land: 29% Wasser: 71%
Form der Erde
• Annähernd eine Kugelform (Rotationsellipsoid) Nordpol flacher
Zusammensetzung Erde
• 90% flüssig, Kern fester, da durch den Druck der Siedepunkt höher ist
Radius der Erde in Km und NM
6400 km oder 3450 NM
Umfang der Erde in km und NW
40'000 km oder 21'600 NM
geographischer Nordpol ist xy magnetischer Nordpol
nicht gleich
Ekliptik:
Erdachse gegenüber der Umlaufebene um 23’5 Grad geneigt
Latitude
Geographische Breite = Breitengrad = Parallelen Winkel vom Erdmittelpunkt zwischen Äquator und Erdradius 90 Grad nach Nord und vom Äquator 90 Grad nach Süd
1 Bogengrad in NM
60 NW
1 Bogenminute in NW
1 NW
Longitude
Längengrad/Meridian, Winkel zwischen Nullmeridian/Ortsmeridian ⇒ Nur von Pol zu Pol max.180 Grad
Meridian of Longitude:
Verbindungslinie aller Orte mit gleicher geographischen Länge
Prime Meridian
Willkürlich festgelegter Meridian als Ausgangslinie ⇒ Greenwech
Local Meridian
Ortsmeridian der durch eine bestimmte Position eines Ortes verläuft
Für Distanzmessung darf der Längenunterschied x verwendet werden, weil .....
x= nicht weil der Längenunterschied ist am Äquator gross und in der Polgegend klein.
Beim Ablesen der Distanz erfolgt immer auf dem x, weil...
Meridian, weil Auf Breitenkreis wegen der Konvergenz (konischer Verlauf der Meridiane) entsteht ein grosser Fehler
Durch was entsteht das Magnetfeld im Innern?
• Durch die Rotation entsteht das Magnetfeld im Innern
Wieso ist die Erde ein Ellipsoid?
Durch die Erdrotation entsteh eine Fliehkraft, welche am Äquator eine Wulst gebildet hat
1 NM in km
1.852 km, da 1km dem 10’000sten Teil des Bogens vom Äquator zum Pol entspricht ⇒ 4x10’000x1km= 40'000 km
1 Nm in ft
1 Nm = 6080ft
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Lernkarten
ROD/ROC: ROD ausrechnen 1. Mit Grad in % 2. mit Grad3 3. mit FT/NM
1. RoD= GS * Grad (%)
2. RoD = (GS/60) * ALfa * 100
3. ROD = Grad (ft/NM) / 60 * GS
45 Hrad time distance check: Grundprinzip
NDB is at relative bearing of 045 Grad or 215 ==> time check until reaches 90 or 279 degrees
Mach in Kt => TAS
a(kt) = 38.94 * Wurzel von Temp. in K TAS = M (Mach) * a
Cross Track Distance
perpendicular distance from the course line
Cross Track Distance ==> Additional Drift
\(Da = {XTK * 60 \over dist.-on-track}\)
Cross Track Distance Correction Angle
\(b = {XTK * 60 \over dist-to-go}\)
bearings refers to ?
magnetic north and must first be convert into true north when use in chart
When can a position be plotettd
when at least two lines of position
scalar
data with no direction (temperature, pressure power) are called scalar
FIX
Known position; Start position => Position wo man ist beim Wind triangle
Crosswind Component
CWC = the component of the wind that runs perpendicular to the course line. ==> CWC = V Wind * sin (WA) WA = Windangle ==> Differenz zwischen Heading and wind
WInd Angle
The wind angle is the angle from the course line to the direction the wind is coming from => 0 to 180 Grad
Head Wind
HWC = V Wind * cos (WA)
Temperatur Korrekturen => IOAT und wie weiter?
IOAT (Indicated outside Temp.) korrigieren um sensor error => TAT or RAT (Ram air Temp.) korrigieren um compressibility and friction => OAT or SAT (Static air temperature)
TAT into SAT
TAT/SAT = 1 + 0.2 M^2 SAT= !!!! IN KELVIN !!!!! 273 K = 0 GRAD
QFE
Current pressure at the elevation of the aerodrome
QNH
Calculated pressure at Mean Sea Level
1013
Standard pressure at Mean Sea level
Horizontale Distanz beim QFE
Height
Horizontale Distanz beim QNH
Altitude
Horizontale Distanz bei 1013
FL pr pressure altitude
QNE
vertical distance between reference pressure of 1013 and the airport reference point
true altitude
real geometric distance to MSL
True Height
real geometric distance to the ground
Elevation
true vertical distance between MSL and the airport reference point
Density Altitude (DA)
DA = PA (Altitude with 1013 hPa) + 120 * ISA Deviation Temp
Mach ausrechnen
M = TAS / a a= 38.94 * Wurzel temperature in K
The track plot:
shows the path of the aircraft relative to the ground
When plotting an ADF bearing on a Mercator chart you should
use variation at the aircraft position
When plotting a VOR radial on a Lambert Conformal chart you should:
use variation at the beacon
To establish a track plot you need:
at least two pinpoints or fixes
DRC
Direct Reading compass
How you can check a compass
water inside or on ray, check with the runway heading ==> now the difference between he indicated heading and the runways direction correspondents to the deviation
Compass swing
If the DRC (Direct compass) shows error or re-equilibrated => To hold an reference compass in front of the aircraft and the aircraft should be placed in 30 Grad Schritten around the compass ==> +/- 5 Grad
During pre-flight check, serviceability of a direct reading standby compass can be compared preferably with:
1) runway direction during line-up 2) main compass indication
When an aircraft is moved to a place of lower magnetic latitude:
The deviation values will decrease because the horizontal component of the terrestrial field is becoming stronger
When is the magnetic compass most effective?
About midway between the magnetic poles
The direct reading magnetic compass is made aperiodic (dead beat) by:
keeping the magnetic assembly mass close to the compass point and using damping wires
The purpose of compass check swing is to:
measure the angle between Magnetic North and Compass North
A direct reading compass should be swung when:
there is a large, and permanent, change in magnetic latitude
