General Navigation
General Navigation
General Navigation
When plotting an ADF bearing on a Mercator chart you should
use variation at the aircraft position
When plotting a VOR radial on a Lambert Conformal chart you should:
use variation at the beacon
To establish a track plot you need:
at least two pinpoints or fixes
DRC
Direct Reading compass
How you can check a compass
water inside or on ray, check with the runway heading ==> now the difference between he indicated heading and the runways direction correspondents to the deviation
Compass swing
If the DRC (Direct compass) shows error or re-equilibrated => To hold an reference compass in front of the aircraft and the aircraft should be placed in 30 Grad Schritten around the compass ==> +/- 5 Grad
During pre-flight check, serviceability of a direct reading standby compass can be compared preferably with:
1) runway direction during line-up 2) main compass indication
When an aircraft is moved to a place of lower magnetic latitude:
The deviation values will decrease because the horizontal component of the terrestrial field is becoming stronger
When is the magnetic compass most effective?
About midway between the magnetic poles
The direct reading magnetic compass is made aperiodic (dead beat) by:
keeping the magnetic assembly mass close to the compass point and using damping wires
The purpose of compass check swing is to:
measure the angle between Magnetic North and Compass North
A direct reading compass should be swung when:
there is a large, and permanent, change in magnetic latitude
The sensitivity of a direct reading compass varies:
directly with the horizontal component of the earth's magnetic field
A "Landing Compass" is:
used to establish aircraft magnetic heading during a compass swing
An aircraft's compass must be swung:
if the aircraft has been subjected to hammering
Deviation adjustment is performed?
a) When the compass is newly installed on an aircraft
b) When new instruments are installed
c) after hard landings => changes of magnetism intensity in rion parts
d) after teh aircraft is hit by lighting
e) When teh aircraft is transferred to annother base at a considerably different latitude
f) When teh aircraft has been parked in teh same direction for a long period of time
g) When teh DRC shows greater, unexpected errors
Departure
d (tatächlich) = l (Länge anhand der Grade) * cos (S/N) => Distance in direction East/West, given in nautical miles
The Rhumb Line distance from A at 57°00'N 012°30'W to B at 57°00'N 167°30'E is
An aircraft leaves 54°N 30°E on an initial great circle track of 360°(T) and flies for 4320 NM.
A second aircraft leaves the same point on a rhumb line track of 090°(T) for a distance of 6320 NM.
At the end of their flights where will the second aircraft be in relation to the first aircraft?
What is the distance in kilometres from 49°S 180E/W to 58°S 180E/W?
Wieso ist die Weltkugel blau?
• Land: 29% Wasser: 71%
Form der Erde
• Annähernd eine Kugelform (Rotationsellipsoid) Nordpol flacher
Zusammensetzung Erde
• 90% flüssig, Kern fester, da durch den Druck der Siedepunkt höher ist
Radius der Erde in Km und NM
6400 km oder 3450 NM
Umfang der Erde in km und NW
40'000 km oder 21'600 NM
geographischer Nordpol ist xy magnetischer Nordpol
nicht gleich
Ekliptik:
Erdachse gegenüber der Umlaufebene um 23’5 Grad geneigt
Latitude
Geographische Breite = Breitengrad = Parallelen Winkel vom Erdmittelpunkt zwischen Äquator und Erdradius 90 Grad nach Nord und vom Äquator 90 Grad nach Süd
1 Bogengrad in NM
60 NW
1 Bogenminute in NW
1 NW
Longitude
Längengrad/Meridian, Winkel zwischen Nullmeridian/Ortsmeridian ⇒ Nur von Pol zu Pol max.180 Grad
Meridian of Longitude:
Verbindungslinie aller Orte mit gleicher geographischen Länge
Prime Meridian
Willkürlich festgelegter Meridian als Ausgangslinie ⇒ Greenwech
Local Meridian
Ortsmeridian der durch eine bestimmte Position eines Ortes verläuft
Für Distanzmessung darf der Längenunterschied x verwendet werden, weil .....
x= nicht weil der Längenunterschied ist am Äquator gross und in der Polgegend klein.
Beim Ablesen der Distanz erfolgt immer auf dem x, weil...
Meridian, weil Auf Breitenkreis wegen der Konvergenz (konischer Verlauf der Meridiane) entsteht ein grosser Fehler
Durch was entsteht das Magnetfeld im Innern?
• Durch die Rotation entsteht das Magnetfeld im Innern
Wieso ist die Erde ein Ellipsoid?
Durch die Erdrotation entsteh eine Fliehkraft, welche am Äquator eine Wulst gebildet hat
1 NM in km
1.852 km, da 1km dem 10’000sten Teil des Bogens vom Äquator zum Pol entspricht ⇒ 4x10’000x1km= 40'000 km
1 Nm in ft
1 Nm = 6080ft
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Flashcards
perpendicula
rechtwinklig
An aeronautical chart is conformal when:
At any point the scale over a short distance in the direction of the parallel is equal to the scale in the direction of the meridian and meridians are perpendicular to the parallels
departure:
is the number of NM on a parallel of latitude for a given difference of longitude ==> Distant zwischen den Meridianen auf XY N/S ==> d (tatächlich) = l (Länge anhand der Grade) * cos (S/N)
Standard Parallels
are the circles of intersection of the cone and the globe
Constant of Cone (cc)
==> the constant of cone is the ratio between the central angle of the developed envelope of the cone and 360 grad
Wie viel % die Lambertkarte von einem Vollen Kreis zeigt
= seacant (schnittlinie)-conical map =>\(x = sin { Winkel standart Parallel 1 + Winkel standart Parallel 2 \over 2}\)
Map convergence in a lambert chart
angle between 2 Meridiane: am Äquator sind parallel Konvergenz = 0. ===> map convergence = cc (Constant of Cone) * Difference in Longitude)
Lambert Chart must be designed mathematically
in order to achieve conformity (Übereinstimmung)
The constant of cone
Verhältniss: Kartenradius und Weltradius => determines the amount of convergence exhibited by the meridians on the map ==> the constant of cone is the ratio between the central angle of the developed envelope of the cone and 360 grad
Lambert Charts are
The scae of a Lambert Chart
Where the scale indicated on a Lambert Map is precisely correc?
The area between the standard parallels Bezogen on the scale specified on teh map
in this area the scale is smaller than the scale specified on the map
The area boutside the standard parallels Bezogen on the scale specified on teh map
In this area the scale is larger than the scale specified on the map
mapcon
Is the angle formed by any two meridians on the map
In a lambert chart the magnitude of the map convergence alters with
Great Circle on a Lambert chart is?
at higher latitude => There meridian convergence is greater than the map convergence => the great circle looks concave towards the pole At latitudes below winkel 0= concave towards the pole
On a Lambert Conformal Chart, the precise course of a great circle that cross WInkel 0 is always depicted as
Parallel of Origin or Selected Parallel is
is the Parallel between the standard parallel
The Lambert Conformal chart are used between which latitudes?
All latitudes up to about 70° N/S
On a Lambert chart with standard parallels at 38°N and 48°N, chart convergency at 48°N is:
less than earth convergency
The parallels on a Lambert conformal conic chart are represented by:
On a Lambert conformal conic chart, with two standard parallels, the quoted scale is correct:
along the two standard parallels
On a Lambert conformal conic chart great circles that are not meridians are:
curves concave to the parallel of origin
The standard parallels of a Lambert chart are 26°N and 48°N and the stated scale is 12 500 000 Which statement is correct
polar stereographic projection; what projection?
is a projection onto a plane, which is tangent to the Earth at the pole => the projection centre is at the opposite pole => projection is a true geometrical projection ==> point of origin where the plane touches the reduced Earth
polar stereographic projection: Which form has the Meridian and latitude?
Meridian: as rays (Strahlen) from the pole ;; Parallels of latitude as concentric circle around the pole
polar stereographic projection: convergence ?
at the point of origin the convergence of the meridians in the chart => the map convergence (macon) is equal to the meridian convergence of the earth ==> with increasing distance from the pole, the earth meridian convergence decreases while the mapconv is constant
calculate the convergence of the polar stereographic chart => map convergence is constant
Course (035) + (differenz zwischen den Meridianen = 090) = 125
polar stereographic projection: Verhältniss Straight line and Rhumb line
rhumb line: constant winkel; straight line changes winkel ==> Winkel Straight Line and Winkel Rhumb line = Winkel A ==> Winkel zwischen Rhumb line and straight line at beginning and final pioneer are equal = Winkel A / 2
polar stereographic projection can be described as a special type of a Lambert Projection with a constant of the cone (vonvergence facor)
1
In a polar stereographic projection the Great circle are ?
Great circle slight convex towards the equator => with increasing difference between meridian and map convergence => can be depicted as a circle
All great circle are xy towards teh paralle of origin
All great circle are concave towards teh paralle of origin => with increasing distance from the parallel of origin the difference between a straight line and GC increases
there is no map, in which the scale does not
alter
On every map, teh scale become larger with ........ und die Ausnahme?
increasing distance from the contact circle/point of projection model in question ==> exception: the model intersects the earth, the scale will be smaller inside the surface if intersection than at the surface of intersection => Lambert Chart
The scale of a polar stereographic will expand away from the pole with the following formula where
secant squared of one half of co-latitude
Distances on a Polar Stereographic chart are measured by using:
the latitude scale on a meridian in the vicinity of the line measured
average altitude
at 2/3 of the altitude to climb => ersten 2/3 viel schneller steigen
average altitude during descent
keinen Unterschied zwischen den verschiedenen Phasen im Descent => Average altitude at 1/2
ROD/ROC: Höhe wie ausrechnen (1. mit Grad (2 Varianten) 2. in % ==> d(NM) gegeben)
1. h = Alfa * d (NM) * 100 oder h = tan (alfa) * NM * 6000
2. h= Grad (%) * 60 * d(NM)
ROD/ROC: Von Grad ind % Grad umrechnen
Grad (%) = tan ( alfa) * 100
