Evolution
Final Exam
Final Exam
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Cartes-fiches
Properties of RNA
Arguments for Polypeptide World
Why is the genetic code universal?
Why is triplets the best?
Evolution of metabolism
Started from protocells in a reducing chemical environment and anaerobic metabolism only.
Which came first?
Heterotrophs before autotrophs
What were the heterotroph's metabolism?
At first anaerobic glycolysis and then evolution of Redox reactions.
What about autotrophic metabolism?
Cyclic photosynthesis to calvin cycle
How did photosystems I and II merge?
What were the effects of the two photosystems merging?
What were the consequences of O2 increase
Heterotrophic metabolism then evolved to...
Origin of eukaryotic cell
What did the eukaryotic cell do afterward to prove the Endosynbiosis theory correct?
Evidence for endosymbiosis
Have their own DNA and ribosomes
The oldest fossil cells
3.5 bya = fossil stromatolites
Limitations to the fossil record
Events while increasing O2
Events while decreasing O2
Extinction
The first metazoans
700 million to 1 billion years ago
The early metazoans
Ediacaran fauna
The "Cambrian explosion"
545 million years
Why the Cambrian explosion?
The Burgess Shale fauna
Characteristics of HOX gene evolution
Phylum Chordata
Echinoderm hypothesis
Echinoderms to hemichordates
tentacle eaters to ciliated tentacles for feeding (hemichordates)
Hemichordates to urochordates
Hemichordate larvae is pluteus-type and became filter feeder (tunicates)
Tunicate to cephalochordates
Garstang's Hypothesis; paedomorphosis which means free swiming and able to have sex.
Cephalochordates to Vertebrates
Have homologous eye spots, and brain regions, and hox gene regulation is similar. Same body segments also.
Vertebrate evolution
Biogeographical regions
Endemism
A species or taxon found in one region and no other is considered endemic to that region.
The explanation for endemism and biogeographic regions is...
Continental drift and isolation
Supercontinent Pangea evidece gathered by...
Alfred Wegener but not accepted till 1960s with plate tectonics
Evidence for Pangaea
Tectonic plates
Plate movements
