Einführung in die englische Sprach- und Übersetzungswissenschaft

-reading/orientation

-drafting/writing

-revision

-> Eye tracking, key stroke logging, retrospective protocols

-Reiss: equivalence at text level; functions: appellative, informative, expressive

-Snell-Hornby: no strict distinction of types in one text

-Holz-Mäntärri: interaction between participants

-Skopos-theory

-Übersetzen von einer didaktischen Perspektive

-Ausgangstextanalyse

-text external and text internal factors:

    *external: sender, addressee, intention, medium, place, time, text function

    *internal: topic structure, syntax, lexis

-register analysis (field, tenor, mode ; systemic functional grammar)

-text (genre)

Eigenschaften von übersetzten Texten:

-shining through: features of source language in translation

-explicitation: more explicit linguistic items to express similar meanings

-Normalization: exaggeration of TL conventions

-Simplification: less complex structures

-Levelling out: less variation

-global festgelegte Vorgehensweise für die Übersetzung eines vollständigen Textes

lokale Methode zur Bearbeitung einzelner Übersetzungsprobleme im Text

-Register

-Übersetzungszweck

-Übersetzungsauftrag

-> Darstellung in Dichotomien

-Anwendung der Strategie orientiert sich an Textfunktion

1) overt: soll als Übersetzung erkannt werden

2)covert: soll nicht als Übersetzung erkannt werden -> Funktionsäquivalenz steht im Mittelpunkt

Dokumentarische Übersetzung - Instrumentelle Übersetzung

word for word translation (words)

literal translation (clauses / phrases)

free translation (beyond)

Blick auf Funktion, Zweck

-Emprunt - lexikalische Entlehnung (free world dial -> free world dial)

-Calque - Lehnwort morphologisch angepasst (performance -> Performanz)

-Lexikalischer Strukturwechsel - Anpassung eines Elements in Bezug auf Art einzelner Teilmorpheme (oprichten -> Errichtung)

-Lehnübersetzung - lexikalische Anpassung der Morpheme an Zielsprache (steam enginge -> Dampfmaschine)

-Lehnübertragung - stärkere lexikalische Anpassung der Morpheme an Zielsprache (skyscraper ->Wolkenkratzer)

-Wortgetreue Übersetzung bzw. Lexikalische Übersetzung

-Wort-für-wort-Übersetzung (He will probably come -> Er wird vielleicht kommen)

-Transposition : Wortenartenwechsel (Stolz -> proud)

-Permutation: Umstellung von Konstituenten auf Phrasenebene (Une table longue de deux metres -> ein zwei Meter langer Tisch)

-Transformation: Änderung der Syntax auf Satzebene (Diesen Brief habe ich nicht beantwortet. -> I didn't answer this letter)

-Modulation - lexikalische oder grammatikalische Veränderung führt zu semantischem Perspektivenwechsel (Day two covered new thinking in Globalization -> Am zweiten Tag widmete man sich...)- Wechsel im Aspekt Akt Pass

-Equivalence (like a bull in a China shop -> Wie ein Elefant im Porzellanladen) culture related

-Adaption: Neuschaffung, da keine Entsprechung (Before you could say Jack Robinson -> In null komma nix)

-Kompensation: Stilmitteländerung (Beats me -> Ich fass es nicht)

-Reduktion und Expansion / Explikation und Implikation: (it -> diese schwierige Situation)

-Begleitende Texte

S -> NP +VP

VP -> V + NP

NP-> Det + N

V= "lexicon"

N="lexicon"

PP=Preposicional Phrase

AdvP= Adverbial Phrase

Aux, Adv

-syntactic ambiguity = more than one way of structuring possible

most central element: Predicate, then subject

one or two objects or a complement following the predicate

most peripheral element: adjunct / adverbial

TESTS: 1) every clause element can be substituted by a proform 2) focus test

object/complement versus adjunct : object cannot be left out, related to agent (I suggest that she should come)

                                                                  adjunct can be left out, relates to context (I didn't finish, I didn't know. I kissed     Bill yesterday)

complement: collocational potential (to give help...)

External Factors:

-Living Conditions (social, political, economic pressure, advances in technology)

-Cultural Conventions (religion, lifestyle)

-Media of Communication

-Contact with other languages

Linguistic levels:

-Phonetics (physical aspect of sound production/reception)

-Phonology (patterns of sounds across languages)

-Morphology / Parts of Speech / Syntax (=Grammar)

-Lexis

-Semantics (meaning)

-Discourse/Text (Relations between speech units above sentence level)

-Pragmatics (Relations between speech units and context of situation)

-> Interaction between linguistic levels leading to changes

Common Indo European (CIE)     ~3000 B.C

Common Germanic (CG)            ~100 B.C.

Old English (OE)                        ~450 - 1100 A.D.

Middle English (ME)                   ~1100 - 1500 A.D.

Early Modern English (EmE)       ~1500 - 1800 A.D.

Present-Day English (PDE)         ~1800 - now

Problems: Language change is slow and continuous. There is no clear divide between periods.

-Evidence from archeology: 5000 - 3000 B.C.: Seminomadic tribes with domestic animals and primitive agriculture.

                                        3000 B.C.: Extensive migrations

-Linguistic evidence: Words for real world objects existing in Eastern Europe/ Western Asia:

                                        Common words for cold, winter, wolf .....

-until Christian era, Common Germanic was one language with minor dialectal differneces

-migration within Europe lead to development of Germanic languages

-Phonology: First Consonant Shift ( Grimm's Law & Verner's Law)

-Morphology: Complex declension system

                    Complication of adjective declension

                    Verb inflection (aspect -> tense)

-Lexicon: Large common vocabulary not shared by other IE languages

-Syntax: Free word order

-Semantics: Change in meaning of certain words

-before ~50 B.C: Celtic tribes

-around 50 B.C: Roman invasion

-from 50 B.C. to ~410: England belongs to Roman Empire

-449: Beginning of Germanic invasions (from Denmark...)

-from 787 to 1000: Viking invasions

-old English consonants: alveopalatal C, j, s

-front mutation of vowels depending on what follows (e.g. o -> e (olium -> ele) ; ea/eo -> y (eald -> yldra)

-Noun declension :*nouns divided into -a stems (masc. and neut.) and -o stems (fem.)

                           *various cases (N,A,G,D) in both singular and plural

-Personal Pronouns: *personal pronouns in 1st, 2nd, 3rd person -> Singular, Dual, Plural

                               *various cases (N,A,G,D)

-

SVO: basic word order

VSO. basic word order in interrogatives and imperatives

OSV

VOS

SOV: in dependent clauses

Indo-European origin: words common to all Germanic languages (kinship terms, sun, water, eat, tree)

Common Germanic origin: e.g. back, bone

West Germanic origin: e.g. idle, immediately

Celtic: place names (Avon, Dover, London, Thames)

Loans: Old Norse: words connected to the sea, battle, cultural items

           Latin as main influence on religious/intellectual life

-Amelioration: shift in meaning towards a more positive quality

-Pejoration shift in meaning towards a more negative quality

-Widening: Generalisation: shift in meaning from specific to general

-Narrowing: Specification: shift in meaning from general to specific

Amelioration: Nice (not knowing - silly - delightful)

Pejoration: Silly (blessed - innocent - foolish)

Widening: Dog ( specific dog breed - dog in general)

Narrowing: Meat (food - processed animal flesh)

-From 1066: Norman invasion

                        *French as language of the high society

                        *Latin as language of the church

                        *English spoken by working class - no prestige

1095: beginning of The Crusades

1204: King John of England loses Normandy

           *French loses influence

           *standard English gains in influence

1348- 1351: Black Death

           *1/3 of population dies, social turmoil

1337-1453: Hundred Year War England - France

                      *England loses all French possessions

1362: English as official language for legal proceedings